IT Networking Designing for Interconnection Technologies

Describe about the IT Networking Designing for Interconnection Technologies.

1: PDU: “Protocol data unit is the information which is delivered as a single unit between the peer entities of the correspondent network which has a complete control on the information like information related to user, information related to address, and others” (Gordon, 2015). It is an open system interconnection which is used for telecommunication between the layers of the OSI model for adding or removing the information.

Layer 1: The PDU is a bit for the physical layer of OSI model

Layer 2: The PDU is the frame for the Data link layer

Layer 3: The PDU is the packet for the network layer

Layer 4: For TCP, the PDU is the segment and for UDP, the PDU is the datagram

Layer 5, 6, and 7: For the top three layers, the PDU is the data which can be in the form clear text, compressed, or encrypted.

2:  During the process of encapsulation, each layer works on building a PDU by the addition of header. It provides the control information of the above layer. For example, the encapsulation of the information related to the web page is contained in the HTTP header, which in turn is contained in the TCP header, then the header of the IP, and lastly the header of the frame. “The frame is then transferred to the destination address in the form the series of bits” (Buhalis, 2012). At the destination address it is de-capsulated and the required information is fetched. In this process, the service is provided from the lower layer to the layer above it in the OSI model. Simultaneously, the communication takes place between each layer with the corresponding receiving node. This is called as interaction of adjacent layer and the interaction of same layer respectively.3: The header size of the transmission control protocol is of 20 bytes. In comparison to it, the header size of UDP is of 8 bytes. “The speed of the TCP is slower than the UDP because in UDP, the error recovery process is not taken into consideration” (Kumar, 2012). In TCP, the absolute guarantee is awarded for the transmission of data in the same sequence as it is arrived whereas in the UDP there is no guarantee of the absolute transmission of data. In TCP, the reading of the data is done in the byte stream and no indication is given for the transmission of the message. In the UDP transmission, individual packets are sent for checking the integration of the data and at the receiver end read operation is performed for checking the consistency of the message with the original message being transmitted.

4: Connection Oriented service primitives:

In the connection oriented service, the primitives are divided into four categories:

• CONNECT for making the connection
• DATA, Expedited data, DATA Acknowledge for sending the information
• DISCONNECT is use for disconnecting the connection
• RESET is used for resetting the connection

Connectionless service primitives:

In the connectionless service, the primitives are divided into two categories:

• UNIDATA for sending the packet of data
• FACILITY, REPORT for enquiring the performance of the network

Parameter:

“Service parameter provides support for connection and connectionless mode of service” (Alfred , 2014). In the table below, it gives the complete knowledge about to which mode parameter is applied.

Parameter	Mode of service	Negotiation
Throughput	Connection	End-to-end
Transition delay	Both	Peer to peer
Priority	Both	Local
Protection	Both	Local
Residual error rate	Both	None
Resilience	Connection	None

The parameter gives the specification for the relative importance to maintain the connection between follows:

• The order in which degradation takes place with the connection
• The order in which resources are released for the connection

5: The three examples for Application layer protocol are given below:

DNS:

The DNS protocol is used for automated services which match with the name of the resources having numeric network address.” The format of DNS protocol is comprised of queries, format of data, and responses” (Shaikh, 2010). Message is the single format by which communication takes place in the DNS protocol. “The queries of the client and responses of the server are provided in the message format” (Mockapetris, 2011). The DNS server records the following type of information:

• Address of the end device
• Server with an authoritative name
• The canonical name provided for the alias
• Records for mail exchange

WWW service and HTTP:

HTTP protocol is used for establishing the connection with the web service which is running on the server. Uniform resource locator is used for providing web addresses. URL is composed of three parts:

• Protocol
• Name of the server
• Request for the specific file name

Email Services and The protocols SMTP and POP:

Simple mail transfer protocol and Post office protocol are used for providing email services by the application layer. Mail user agent is used for allowing the transferring of email to the client.

Commands used in the SMTP protocols are HELO, EHLO, MAILFROM,RCPT TO,DATA, and others.

6: The difference between media and multimedia is given below:

Media is the term related with TV, radio, film, print, and others in relation with computer and internet for example, you tube. “Multimedia is the term used in relation with the computer, images, IT, and etc. 2D and 3D images comes under the category of multimedia and the programs related with TV and radio are come under the category of Media” (Mayer, 2013).

7: The importance of Data compression is summarized below:

• Less space utilization of the disk
• Capability of faster reading and writing
• Increases the rate of file transfer
• Dynamic range in nature
• Independent of Byte order

Video Compression:

Video compression means reducing the redundancy in the video data. Spatial image compression and temporal compensation of the motion are the example of video compression.

Image compression:

Image compression means organizing and reducing the size of the digital images. JPEG and EXIF compression are the example of image compression.

8: When the two programs are running over the network then the endpoint in the communication flow is known as network socket. Function calls are the set of programs used for creating the socket known as socket application programming interface.

Telnet is used for providing connection between the two ports used in the socket programming.

References:

Gordon, K. (2015). The TCP/IP Guide. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_HTTPMessageHeaders.htm [Accessed 22 Aug. 2016].

Buhalis, L. (2012). Protocol data unit and encapsulation. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://www.ibserveis.com/pax/1-protocols_ok.pdf [Accessed 22 Aug. 2016].

 Alfred, P. (2014). A stateless approach to connection oriented protocols. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/connection-oriented-and-connectionless-service [Accessed 22 Aug. 2016].

Kumar, S. (2012). Survey on transport layer protocol: TCP and UDP. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://research.ijcaonline.org/volume46/number7/pxc3879285.pdf [Accessed 22 Aug. 2016].

Shaikh, A. (2010). On the effectiveness of DNS based server selection. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/padmanab/cse561/papers/sta01.pdf [Accessed 22 Aug. 2016].

Mockapetris, P. (2011). Development of the domain name system. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/wi01/cse222/papers/mockapetris-dns-sigcomm88.pdf [Accessed 22 Aug. 2016].

 

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