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There has been a shift in the paper based banking to web based banking over the past few years. Electronic Billing is one such concept of e-banking that has enabled the web solutions to emerge as a successful attempt in the market (www.fiserv.com, 2016). Electronic Billing comprises of two major systems viz. Electronic Bill Payment (EBP) Systems and Electronic Bill Payment and Presentment (EBPP) Systems.
Electronic Bill Payment (EBP) Systems involve the operations of payment of the bill on the online platform. These systems allow the account holders to make the use of a payment gateway and enter their banking details. These details once verified from the database are given a go-ahead and the bill payment is made.
EBPP Systems are one step ahead of the EBP Systems as these allow the presentment of the bill as well along with the payment. EBPP Systems enable the users to receive the invoices on their registered email id or make the same available on an authenticated website. Bill payment can be done by the customer after viewing and analyzing the invoices (Jayasena, Bressan and Madnick, 2016). EBPP Systems have made the entire process of presentment and payment, quick and always-available in nature.
Operations in an EBPP System (Scanprintmail.com, 2016)
There are a number of similarities between EBP and EBPP Systems as both of these systems have made billing faster, easy to use and transparent in nature as well as operation (www.pcsco.com, 2016). The architecture of these systems is also similar as it is based upon the application of Information Technology in the world of banking. All of the operations in these systems take place over a network that is the Internet. The objective behind introducing these systems is also the same which involves increased customer satisfaction and ease in usage of the banking services on the web based platform.
There are also a few differences between these systems as the element of bill presentment is missing in the EBP Systems. It only deals with the payment of bills whereas EBPP systems allow the presentment as well as the bill payment. EBPP Systems are basically advancement over the EBP Systems and thus advanced version of EBP Systems. It includes all the operations which are performed by EBP Systems along with an added functionality at its end.
The scenario that has been given revolves around the university that offers certain courses to the students. The university has following key entities: student, course and instructor. Relationships exist among all these three entities such as one course can be taken by many students; one instructor can teach many courses, etc.
There is a unique identity that is assigned to every single student to distinguish one from the other in the student database. The relationship between the students and the courses is many-to-many that is the university allows one student to take up one or multiple courses that are available and a particular course can be opted by one or more than one student. Such an association results in the formation of a mapping table. The mapping table comprises of the course attributes and the grading of the students is done on the basis of the same. Every single course is also uniquely identified by a unique course number. Course can also be identified on the basis of the course title which acts as an additional attribute. One course can be taught by one and only one instructor and the instructor is identified by an instructor number which is unique in nature. Instructor name and location are the additional attributes for the instructor. The name of the instructor is not unique that is more than one instructor can have exactly same name. An instructor is allowed to teach one or more than one course. Grade attribute defines the performance of a particular student for a particular course.
In the ER diagram, many-to-many relationships have been broken down further in 3NF form by formation of a new table. This new table has the attributes as student_number, course_number and grade. The one-to-many relationships such as instructor-course are displayed with the help of table attributes as course_number, course_title and instructor_number.
Data flow diagram also known as DFD is a diagram which is used to elaborate the design of a system. It represents the functions that will be performed by the system and also the flow of data that will move between these function. The role played by the entities classifies them in to external or internal in nature. A particular system present inside an organization is usually composed of a certain number of entities that perform the task of data transformation within an organization. These entities in the system send and receive the data from one source and transform the data within the system of an organization which make them internal in nature. This aspect makes the colleague partially correct as the internal and external entities do not depend upon the organization and are not defined by the same. Rather, it is the system for which they are being defined.
The colleague is not correct with respect to the given statement. Entities are classified as external in nature if they receive or send the data without compromising on the integrity of the same. On the other hand, internal entities are the ones which perform data modification and transformation on the one that is sent and received, if required. The process that is involved in the transformation cannot be identified with the data flow diagram but the data that has been sent/received by the external entity can be easily pointed out. The internal entities include persons, places and things. The Data Flow Diagram that has been given represents the flow in which a customer sends flight information to the system. This data is received by the book flight which forwards the same along to make payment. In this case, the external entity is the customer as it only sends the data but does not manipulate it. The book flight is the internal entity as it not only receives the data but also manipulates the same. The next entity is also internal as it receives the data and transforms it (Gelinas, Sutton and Oram, 1999).
Jayasena, S., Bressan, S. and Madnick, S. (2016). A case study of Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment (EBPP) integration using the COIN mediation technology. [online] Available at: http://web.mit.edu/smadnick/www/wp/2005-07.pdf [Accessed 2 Aug. 2016].
Scanprintmail.com. (2016). Billing Solutions | Electronic Billing | EBPP | SPM Document Solutions | accuBill. [online] Available at: http://www.scanprintmail.com/accuBill-solutions/ [Accessed 2 Aug. 2016].
www.fiserv.com, (2016). Electronic Billing & Payment Solutions. [online] Available at: https://www.fiserv.com/international/payments/electronic-billing.aspx [Accessed 2 Aug. 2016].
www.pcsco.com, (2016). Benefits of Electronic Bill Presentment Information Technology Solutions and Payment (EBPP). [online] Available at: https://www.pcsco.com/EBPP/documents/EBPPBenefits8-15-13.pdf [Accessed 2 Aug. 2016].
shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in, (2016). Conceptual Framework - Banking. [online] Available at: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/31679/8/08_chapter%201.pdf [Accessed 2 Aug. 2016].
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