English Language Proficiency and Academic

Discuss about the English Language Proficiency and Academic.

Introduction

It is observed that since the first oil shock took place in 1970, the unemployment rate in Australia has demonstrated a continuous cumulative increase. In the last two decades, the minimum rate of unemployment was 5.4% (Chang et al.  2013). However, since the last decade, the government of Australia attempted to make the policies of direct job creation to minimize the rate of unemployment.  According to Milner, Page and LaMontagne (2013), the government has developed the fiscal policies to achieve the budget surpluses to reduce the domestic interest rate. It has been studied in the existing literature review that the nation Australia is dealing with an economic crisis, mental and physical wellbeing with the long-term unemployment increasing to a 16 year high. More specifically, this particular figure is three times larger than in the year 2008, when the economy was affected by the global financial crisis. Due to long-term unemployment, a large percentage of people in Australia have been out of work for more than a year. The Bureau of Statistic indicates that the number has increased by 19% (Fry 2013).  Thus, by establishing critical analysis on the issue of unemployment, the gaps in the literature have been provided. The analysis has been conducted based on the key ideas and arguments provided in the existing journals. Even though, this chapter analyzes the ideas and thoughts of scholars regarding the unemployment factors in Australia, the authentic reasons for such issues have not been covered in the current literature. Moreover, the literature is conducted on the facts of previous events but the discussion does not cover current events and facts regarding unemployment in Australia.

It is identified that unemployment is a major life event (Marston and Shevellar 2014). It could create a devastating impact on people’s lives. It influences not just the unemployed person but also the families as well as the broader communities. As put forward by Gregory and Smith, (2016), the impact of unemployment becomes more long-term and its impact becomes far-reaching. It highly affects the living standards of individuals in retirement. The poor income or the loss of earning could damage the prospects of coming generation. On the other side, Mavromaras, Sloane and Wei (2015) commented that manufacturing employment in Australia has decreased both in absolute as well as relative term over the past 10 years. The manufacturing industry in Australia employed nearly 1.3 million individuals in 1970, which accounts a quarter of total employment. Notwithstanding, the employment in the manufacturing industry dropped to 929,000 individuals, which is around 8.4% of overall employment. At such context, the employment in the manufacturing sector shrunk by a third in absolute term, whereas the total percentage of employment was doubled. As the impact, a large percentage of adult employment was decreased and government of the country observed a tremendous pressure. However, in this context, Kitov and Kitov (2012) commented that an increasing growth in Australian IT industry had been observed which largely contributed to the overall employment of the country.  Conversely, Brückner and Pappa (2012) commented that IT industry in 2012 in Australia observed an unexpected decline in respect with the employment. This scenario comes due to the global economic downturn; the organizations in the industry go through the long-term loss in profits.

As the impact, the personal as well as the social cost of unemployment increase several financial hardships, poverty and increased social isolation. On the contrary, Junankar (2015) commented that youth labor market in Australia enhanced over the recent years. The unemployment rate of youth has decreased from the recent peak of 13.9% and in fact it remained as more than double in the national rate.  Nonetheless, the scholars have mentioned that unemployment remains as the major reason for the long-term poverty in Australia. Moreover, Australian as well as overseas researches has unambiguously exemplified a strong and significant relationship between unemployment as well as health. This takes place duet to some particular causes of death and the number of specific chronic illness. Hence, unemployment is considered as the cause of particular mental illness and depression. As the economy of the nation has been affected, each sector in Australia, including the health sector, observed an unexpected consequence. As put forward by Norström et al. (2014), unemployment also contributes to the substantial alienation of a large number of teenagers and young adults.  There is a rapidly growing division between the families with the children with both parents in the paid workforce as well as those with no parent with the paid work.  It is also found out that the wives of unemployed men have increasing rate of joblessness than the wives of employed men. In this context, Junankar (2015) mentioned that female sole parents have increasing rate of joblessness.

Factors affecting the employment in corporate sector of Australia

According to Milner,  Page and LaMontagne (2013), the increase in the unemployment rate over the past couple of years is not the result of reduction in the employment. The scholars have in the previous studies have mentioned that employment has increased at an average pace of 1%. However, this growth has not maintained the pace with the increase in the labor force, which was nearly 1.4% yearly. As the result, the number of the unemployed as well as their share of the labor force has increased. The existing studies have focused on a number of factors as the likelihood of unemployment among the youths in Australia.  As put forward by Considine, O'Sullivan and Nguyen (2014), the major influence include age, gender, ethnicity, education and research. Moreover, the younger people usually have relatively poor employment growth.

Ali and Green (2012) conversely mentioned that though IT industry of Australia has observed a significant sudden growth, few challenges remain in the sector and created an adverse impact on the growth of IT sector.  These challenges include the difficult of mature and presence of young job seekers in the labor market. The low share of women in many industries is also a major challenge

Education- As put forward by Powdthavee, Lekfuangfu and Wooden (2015), a low levels of education qualification as well as poor performance in the literacy as well as numeracy are the fundamental factors to investigate in respect with the unemployment of youth. The people living areas and those from non-English speaking background face difficulties in being employed to corporate sector. Alternatively, Mavromaras,  Sloane and Wei (2015) mentioned that standard of education in Australian is significantly high but immigrants have probably have to face difficulties in receiving higher education in Australia as they are not from the English-speaking nation. This barrier often creates issues in their professional life. In this context, Woodman (2012) commented that literacy as well as numeracy skills are considered as the factor that influences the labor market. It is also studded that achievement in literacy and numeracy results at school have merely been used in the examination of unemployment. However, these longitude data allows the influences of school achievement to be examined net background of the factors. It has been observed that there is significant evidence that education is necessary in minimizing the possibility of unemployment. As mentioned by Gribble and Blackmore (2012), having a low level of education as well as lacking post-school qualification as the risk factor for the long-term unemployment in Australia.

It is also studied that young men usually show an increasing level of unemployment than young women.  The statistics indicate that almost 12.4% of male employees aged 15 to 19 years were unemployed compared to 10.8% of young women. As mentioned by Abdelkerim and Grace (2012), this is the reverse data set for 1980 when 12.7% males aged between 15 to 19 were employed compared to 16.9% of females.  It is studied that the gap between male as well as female long-term employment for the adult labor force was considered to have broaden between 1970 and 1982. The recent studies have indicated that men were relatively deteriorated.  

Socio economic background

Socio-economic background tends to influence incidence of unemployment. The overall effects were moderate. These are weaker compared to the effects of school achievement and age. More specifically, a 20 unit increase in parental occupational status score reduced the odds of being unemployed by 0.80%. times (Devlin 2013).

The influence of parental occupation was ineffective when the school factors, qualification and employment experience were involved in the analysis. The effects are observed to be small as well as in many incidents they were not statistically viable.  The respondents differed by one standard deviation in occupational status scores in result in a deduction of the odds of unemployment by 0.91 times in 1961. Even though these factors are moderate, the other significant factors are involved in the model.

There are some certain indication that belonging to a major metropolitan area deduced the chances of being unemployed; however, the effects are not large and not statistically significant. Thus, it can be mentioned that the differences discovered in the bivariate analyses need to be attributed to the differences in the qualification.

Ethnic background-As put forward by Oliver, Vanderford and Grote (2012), men from non-English speaking background were more likely to observe unemployment in the coming years. Compared to other, these people (between 1.6 and 1.9 times) are more likely experience unemployment. However, no effect has been observed for women from non-English speaking background

Major reasons behind the unemployment in Australia

The reasons of unemployment could vary. The existing studies have discussed some significant reasons behind the unemployment that people faced in the past days. As put forward by Powdthavee,  Lekfuangfu and Wooden (2015), the industry shut down is the major reason for increasing unemployment in Australia.

Industry shutdown- According to Hawthorne (2016), the significant reason behind the growing rate of unemployment are the large organizations and their support industries that are shutting down the operation. This action puts thousands of people out of work as well as in South Australia, there is an insufficient industry diversity to take up those workers.  The industry includes agriculture, textile as well as manufacturing. As mentioned by Smyth and Buchanan (2013), advanced planning and strategies of state and federal government have failed to gear up the workforce for transition to other work when the organization Holden shuts down its operation. However, Correa?Velez, Barnett and Gifford (2015) mentioned that it is sometimes depends on the individual. People should plan or look at what the industries are starting to thrive as well as receive the required the education, certificates as well as experience of work such as live projects.

Infrastructure-  It is studied that as private as well as public spending on infrastructure declines at the time of economic recession, engineers as well as other skills in the sector shift towards the overseas as well as laborers here remain unemployed. Thereafter, there is a temporary skills gap when the investment picks up. Zajda (2013) commented that the government of South Australia utilized many Victoria members for the major projects.

Recession- The scholars have mentioned that if organizations need to reinforce their positions and lay off some employees to remain active in the market. This reduces the cost of operation of the company. However, the rate of unemployment increases for a while.

Gaps in the research

Even though the existing studies provide an intensive dataset regarding the unemployment but studies are conducted on the pas events. All events and occurrence of unemployment in Australia discussed in the literature are the facts of pas decades. However, the literature does not include provide any analysis about government role in increasing the employment rate in Australia. The studies did not mention particularly what the government has done to deal with the growing unemployment rate in Australia. In addition, an empirical study shows the difference in educational qualification, ethnic background and recession but it did not include the update of recent scenario.

After 2012, the Australia recovered the state of recession and the government brought development in the nation but existing studies did not mention the recent initiatives or the initiative taken in last 4 to 5 years. In addition to all these, it can also be mentioned that a significant advancement in Australian education system has been introduced in the recent time, which has increased the effectives of Australia education. As the result, many foreign students are taking admission in Australia for higher education. This indicates that current education system cannot be considered as the major reason for unemployment in Australia. Nevertheless, the existing studies did not mention these facts in the analysis. Furthermore, it can be mentioned that existing studies did not focus on any particular industry to explain the unemployment in the analysis. However, the analysis would have been more effective if the scenario of a particular industry was considered.

Conclusion

According to the recent updates, the country Australia has managed to reduce the unemployment rate than other nations. However, unemployment in Australia has been a never-ending issue for country’s economy. Due to the changes in the production pattern, the sector observed a significant loss of jobs in Australia. This leads to the lack of job opportunities in the nation. Notwithstanding, the government has put extensive effort to deal with the unemployment rates.

References

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Brückner, M. and Pappa, E., 2012. Fiscal expansions, unemployment, and labor force participation: Theory and evidence. International Economic Review, 53(4), pp.1205-1228.

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Considine, M., O'Sullivan, S. and Nguyen, P., 2014. Mission drift?: The third sector and the pressure to be businesslike: Evidence from job services Australia. Third Sector Review, 20(1), p.87.

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