Extremely Contagious Infection

Discuss about the case study Extremely Contagious Infection.

Varicella is an extremely contagious infection initiated by a contagion with varicella virus. Vaccination for varicella is a very effective immunisation method. Effectiveness of two doses of the varicella vaccine is almost 98 percent for preventing chickenpox. Few individuals who are vaccinated may still get the chickenpox. But, it is generally a milder infection with a smaller amount of skin blisters and a little fever. As stated by Papaloukas et al. (2014) and other researchers, changing to a second regimen of varicella vaccine was due to constant outbreaks even after receiving one shot of the vaccine. In USA, for the duration of 25 years (1970–1994) the overall statistics of yearly expiries as a result of varicella infection was 105 (rate 0.04/100,000). An amplified death rates were seen in adults of age more than 20 years with a 25-fold greater risks of life loss compared to the children of age 1 to 4 years (case-fatality rate: 21.3 and 0.8/100,000 cases, respectively). Receiving two doses of this vaccine is the greatest defense against chickenpox. During the pre-vaccine period in United States, rates of hospitalization because of varicella infection flanked between 2.3 and 6.3/100,000 populace. Infants and young adults had six and thirteen fold higher risks respectively for hospitalization while children younger than five years recorded for more than forty percent of varicella hospitalization (Shapiro et al., 2011). The United States was the foremost nation to endorsed with one dose of varicella vaccine and then later a two varicella vaccination doses plan was introduced in 2006 by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and the American Academy of Pediatrics  for the effectively reduce the outbreaks of chickenpox. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, children under 13 years must get two doses of varicella vaccine first within twelve to fifteen months of age and second regimen within 4 to 6 years of age. Individuals of 13 years or older age must receive two vaccine doses at least 28 days apart (Papaloukas et al., 2014).

Another reason for implementing two shots of vaccine is prevent the occurrence of herpes zoster. Varicella zoster virus infection along with varicella vaccination induces varicella zoster virus-specific antibody and T-cell mediated immune response. This T-cell-mediated resistance is most important for recovery. This developed immunity response contributes to defense subsequent revelation to varicella zoster virus. Once the cell facilitated resistance drops with immunosuppression or aging, recurrence of varicella zoster virus can lead to herpes zoster (Bloch and Johnson, 2012). The finest method to check infection and successfully reducing the infection and related economic burden is to deliver two doses of vaccine. The vaccine of measles–mumps–rubella–varicella (MMRV) manufactured by Merk & Co. contained greater percentage of the Oka strain compared with the monovalent vaccine and it was permitted in the United States in the year 2005 (Baxter et al., 2013).

The implementation of second vaccine dose was maintained by various information representing that the additional regimen of the vaccine yields an enhanced cellular and humoral immunity responses. These responses are associated with better shield against the infection. The approved recommendations comprised of primary regimen within 12 to 15 months old children and the subsequent dose to be given within four to six years. In addition, a second dose was suggested to be given to people who were formerly immunized with a solitary dose. More significantly, a post-licensure medical experiment shown that the threat for manifestation of chickenpox was more than three-fold lesser in those children received dual doses of varicella vaccine. Most recently a case regulating program assessed the effectiveness of two vaccine doses as 98 percent while the corresponding probability ratio for one dose versus two doses of the vaccine was 0.053 (Schmid and Jumaan, 2010).

The success of second varicella vaccine dose in the initial two years after approval of a second vaccine dose for children was outstanding. Chances of infection with chickenpox were 95 percent inferior for infants who acquired two vaccine doses compared with single regimen of vaccine. This additional dose of vaccine is vital not only to culminate development of chickenpox and transmission of the virus but also to actually decrease the later possibility of emerging herpes zoster by diminishing dormant infection with wild-type varicella zoster virus. The findings of comparatively higher frequency of vulnerability to advance varicella (typically 20 percent) together with the results that even a minor infection was competent of being spread were the strongest facts for two vaccine doses for children in AU (Gao et al., 2010).

Reference

Baxter, R., Ray, P., Tran, T. N., Black, S., Shinefield, H. R., Coplan, P. M., ... & Saddier, P. (2013). Long-term effectiveness of varicella vaccine: a 14-year, prospective cohort study. Pediatrics, 131(5), e1389-e1396.

Bloch, K. C., & Johnson, J. G. (2012). Varicella zoster virus transmission in the vaccine era: unmasking the role of herpes zoster. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 205(9), 1331-1333

Gao, Z., Gidding, H. F., Wood, J. G., & MacIntyre, C. R. (2010). Modelling the impact of one-dose vs. two-dose vaccination regimens on the epidemiology of varicella zoster virus in Australia. Epidemiology and infection, 138(04), 457-468.

Papaloukas, O., Giannouli, G., & Papaevangelou, V. (2014). Successes and challenges in varicella vaccine. Therapeutic advances in vaccines, 2(2), 39-55.

Schmid, D. S., & Jumaan, A. O. (2010). Impact of varicella vaccine on varicella-zoster virus dynamics. Clinical microbiology reviews, 23(1), 202-217.

Shapiro, E. D., Vazquez, M., Esposito, D., Holabird, N., Steinberg, S. P., Dziura, J., ... & Gershon, A. A. (2011). Effectiveness of 2 doses of varicella vaccine in children. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 203(3), 312-315.

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