P11012 Information Management

Task 1: Semantic Web and Linked Data 

Semantic Web has represented to be an extension of World Wide Web (www) through the standards as explained by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). This is the standard where promotion of data formatting and exchanging of protocols on the Web takes place, here it is remarked as the Resource Description Framework (Ambrose & Paine, 2012).

Tim Berners-Lee developed the concept of Hyperlink and thus the collections, structuring and recovering of the Linked Data has been enabled by the technology providing some formal description of the terminologies, concepts and relationship of the domain knowledge.

 

Figure 1: Mind Map of Semantic Web and Linked Data

(Source: TED lecture by Tim Berners-Lee about the Semantic Web and Linked Data)

Task 2: Linked Data for Libraries

Linked data for library can also be denoted as the (LD4L). The professional data sets has been published and connected by the Linked Data all over the www. This is all about producing the data on the internet that is machine-readable and has provided the connecting as well as the links to some other data sets (Wood et al., 2014). This is the technique of publishing the data in a way that also could be linked to or from any other data sets.

In the journal “Linked Data for Libraries: Benefits of a conceptual shift from library?specific record structures to RDF?based data models” there has been a discussion about the necessity of adjusting the current library model to models based on the Linked Data, by the authors Getaneh Alemu, Brett Stevens, Penny Ross and Jane Chandler. The main concept of this paper work was to provide some recommendations that initiates from document-centric and ends to data-centric metadata to make the conceptual shifts (Zaveri et al.,2016). There are two points from where the challenges of protocols, standards and principles can be determined: Technical and Conceptual. Advantages of this linked library metadata from the digital library are: openness of the metadata and sharing, facilitating serendipitous invention of information of resources, identifying the pattern of resource usage and emergent metadata, navigation which is facet-based and links that are enriched with metadata.

There are six main suggestions for the libraries and standards agencies for the challenges faced by linked data are:

• The libraries must be rising respected to the disabilities presented by Linked Data.
• Adoption of minimal requirement of the principles of Linked Data.
• Developing categories- elements, entities and values that is, properties, classes and instances respectively.
• Taking decisions on facts that needed to be retained,
• Becomes part of the linked data web,
• Adoption of an approach of mixed-metadata.

Linked Data has been considered as a solution that enables machine processed and data centric metadata. Thus, by adopting Linked Data leads to discovering and utilization of metadata in libraries but there are still chances for the meta data to be modified.

Task 3: Organizing principle 

The technique of arranging the resource in organizing system that follows more than one organizing principles for the achievement of purpose in organizing system. The principles are generally directive for the designs or the arrangements for the resource collection which could be ideally expressed by not assuming any particular realization or implementation. There can be typically three kind of organizational system to be created the Presentation, Logic and Storage (Hunter, 1988). Representing the organizing principles by separate designs and implementing process, that merges better with the three-tier architecture. There is a requirement for the software designers and architects to be familiar to the architectures:  user interfaces (implementation of interactions), business logistics (intentional arrangement), and data/information (resources).

Programming engineers and originators concur that it is alluring to manufacture applications that different the capacity of information, the business rationale or capacities that utilization the information and the UI or introduction segments through which clients or different applications communicate with the information. This measured design enables each of the three levels to be overhauled or re-implemented freely to fulfill changed prerequisites or to exploit new advances. A practically equivalent to qualification is that between a calculation as a legitimate portrayal of a strategy for taking care of a computational issue and its execution in a specific programming dialect like Java or Python (Stauffer, 2015).

Our better approach for taking a gander at Organizing Systems accentuates the significance of recognizing the coveted connections with assets, figuring out which sorting out standards can empower the associations, and after that choosing how to store and deal with the assets as per those standards (Larkum, 2013). Applying building thinking to Organizing Systems makes it less demanding to investigate existing ones and outline new ones. For instance, another prerequisite to help seeking through a library inventory on an advanced mobile phone would just influence the introduction level. Presentation, Logic and Storage illustrates the partition of the introduction, rationale, and capacity levels for four distinct sorts of library Organizing Systems and for Google Books. No two of them are the same in each level. Note how a library that utilizations stock robots to deal with the capacity of books does not uncover this in its higher tiers. Organizing System directly reflects the mix of the embodiments of information; in this way we can think of the modern library as a digital Organizing System that primarily relies on digital resources to organize a mixture of physical and digital ones.

Task 4: Organizing principle 

(a) Distinction between Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom

The organizing principle contents can be described in four categories: Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom (Antoniou & Van Harmelen, 2004). First three characteristics relates to the past, only the last one, wisdom deals with the future since that incorporates with designing and visions of the Organizing principle. The further elaboration of these principles is as following:

• Data:It is the raw material that exists simply and thus has no other significance beyond of its existence. This could be present in any state weather usable or not. Since these are further modified and are made usable for further utilization (Blomqvist, 2014).
• Information:The processed data that has been made useable for the organizational purpose are generally known as the Information. Any relational database utilizes the data stored within.
• Knowledge:The accurate collections of information that are intended to be useful are the knowledge. This happens when someone or something memorizes the information and implements it in work on the basis of their knowledge (Batley, 2014).
• Wisdom: This is a non-deterministic, non-probabilistic and extrapolative process that requires for consciousness of the past thus specifies over the special form of human programming like the ethics, moral and many more. This gives an understanding about the data collected, the drawback and how to overcome the drawbacks the next time.

(b) Description of the Argos organization system

According to Robert J. Glushko, in the chapter 1 (The Discipline of Organizing) there has been a discussion about the Selected resources, Organizing resources, Designing resources-based interaction and maintaining resources that are associated to the Argos. It presents the bringing together idea of an Organizing System-a purposefully orchestrated accumulation of assets and the associations they support-and after that clarifies the key ideas and difficulties in the outline and arrangement of Organizing Systems in numerous spaces, including libraries, historical centers, business data frameworks, individual data administration, and social figuring. In this book offers a structure for the hypothesis and routine with regards to sorting out that coordinates data association (IO) and data recovery (IR), crossing over the disciplinary gaps amongst Library and Information Science and Computer Science, each of which sees and shows IO and IR as independent subjects and in significantly extraordinary ways.

References:

Ambrose, T., & Paine, C. (2012). Museum basics. Routledge.

Antoniou, G., & Van Harmelen, F. (2004). A semantic web primer. MIT press.

Batley, S. (2014). Classification in theory and practice. Chandos Publishing.

Blomqvist, E. (2014). The use of Semantic Web technologies for decision support–a survey. Semantic Web, 5(3), 177-201.

Essential Thesaurus Construction. London: Facet Publishing. Glushko, R.J. (2013).

Larkum, M. (2013). A cellular mechanism for cortical associations: an organizing principle for the cerebral cortex. Trends in neurosciences, 36(3), 141-151.

Stauffer, A. (2015). Introduction. In Virtual Victorians (pp. 1-8). Palgrave Macmillan US.

The Discipline of Organizing. Cambridge: MIT Press. * Hunter, E.J. (1988).

Wood, D., Zaidman, M., Ruth, L., & Hausenblas, M. (2014). Linked Data. Manning Publications Co..

Zaveri, A., Rula, A., Maurino, A., Pietrobon, R., Lehmann, J., & Auer, S. (2016). Quality assessment for linked data: A survey. Semantic Web, 7(1), 63-93.