Parameterization of Mammography Normalized

Discuss about the Parameterization of Mammography Normalized.

Mammography is simply a beam of radiation rays examination, which is used by the physicians to detect the presence of cancer cells in a body. In addition, mammography is used to cover the anomalies, which are found on female breast, as well as the lumps, distortion and any calcification in the tissues. The energy conversion is the main activity, which the beam of radiation rays tube is able to perform. By definition Beam of radiation rays tube, is a space pipe that is able to convert electrical input power into rays, it is therefore an energy converter where it converts electrical energy into different forms of energy. Beam of radiation rays tubes developed from investigational Crookes tubes through which X-rays were first revealed taking place 8 November 1895 through the study of a German physicist Wilhelm Conrad  Röntgen (Sobol and Wu, 1997). When this availability of the controllable source of Beam of radiation rays was witnessed it created the field of radiography. The tube is made with different parts which are able to enhance the energy conversion to suit its purpose.

In its definition formation, a beam of radiation rays contains both cathode and anode parts through which when current is able to flow from the cathode end to anode end. Through the tube, the electrons, which are involved suffer energy loss, which then as a result lead to the generation of X-radiation. Within the constituent of anode, radiation is produced. The anode typically has some main functions such as converting the energy into key radiations which are known as the radiation and disintegrating the heat produced in the procedure. The segment of overall energy that is transformed into radiation is determined by some aspects especially the energy of the electrons and  nuclear quantity of anode measureable that is the purpose the material for the  anode is carefully selected (Sobol and Wu, 1997). Most of the beam of radiation rays materials use tungsten, which has nuclear number of seventy-four. In reality, the tungsten has the perfect characteristics which enhance the performance of the beam of radiation rays tube. In accumulation to this high nuclear number, it also has other appropriate characteristics such as its capability to retain its strength since it is able to operate at high temperatures. Also due to the high melting point, the characteristics are essential to maintain the system and moderately low evaporation rate.

The cathodes elementary purpose is used to eject out the electrons after the electrical route and concentrating all the electrons into a definite ray directed at the end of anode. Normally a cathode involve of  a small curl of cable depressed in the interior of  a cup –shaped section .basically electrons flowing over the electrical circuit cannot leak from the conductor material to the empty space. Through thermionic emission where electrons are given sufficient energy, which produces the heat to expel the electrons. At times, the cathode end is heated to glowing temperatures, and heat energy expels some electrons from the cathode end.

The cathode end, which is contained in an bounded in an envelope, which together with its contents it is referred to as tube inserter (Wu , Wu, Gingold, 1994). The main function of the covering is to provide provision and electrical covering for both the anode end and cathode end components and maintaining the void in the cylinder. The extra housing apart from providing enclosure and support of the other components it has other several functions such as shielding and absorbing radiation.

The electrical circuit is the main source which is able to produce the energy which is used by the beam of radiation rays tube in order to produce x-radiation. The beam of radiation rays trail is actually a circulatory system which picks up energy and transfer it to the beam of radiation rays tube anode. The energy that is transformed to radiation is passed to the beam of radiation rays pipe by a presence of rolling electrons, which pass through the beam of radiation rays tube and experience various energy changes. Electrical energy is changed to kinetic energy, which in turn transform into radiation and heat. Once these electrons are released from the cathode end, they are able to rise under the effect of the provided electrical energy and thereby drawing key electrons to the anode end. The energy quickens electrons producing high speed and kinetic energy which is produced.

Compression and breast support plate

A compression device is constituted to compress the breast against the breast support plate. Moreover, a compression device for mammography compresses the breast in a manner that is as relaxed as possible to the patient. A compression device has a frame that dimensionally stretches an elastic membrane and designed in a way that the breast of the patient that is to be compressed by the compression device is compressed solely by the elastic membrane to help reduce any pain that may be experienced (Sobol and Wu, 1997). Breast support plate formed to support a breast thereon within the said beam of radiation rays beam. The compression and breast support plate help the breast not to move from the designated area for the beam of radiation rays capture and as a result results can be easily assessed and even help in better ensure efficient results.

During the process of mammogram, the patients’ breast is placed on a flat breast support plate and then it is compressed. This process of compressing the patients’ breast against the breast support plate helps in the reduction of the thickness of the breast tissue, which helps the beam of radiation rays ray penetrating as fewer coatings of the overlying breast as potential. This process is possible as it helps in minimizing radiation doses getting to the breast and produces best result of the images as possible (Sobol and Wu, 1997). The compression force used is adjusted according to the breast size, skin tautness and even the ability of the patient to bear pain experienced. The force on the compression device should periodically checked and limited to ensure its within the acceptable limits. Compression and breast support plate help in avoiding even the slightest movement possible, which help, avoid blurred images, which as a result may lead to loss of finer details in the evaluation process.

In addition, the mammography apparatus always has a pressure plate. This plate is usually mounded and enhances the uniform distribution of applied force all on the breast area. Additionally, the pressure parts are then mounded on tracking in order to access the tracking part. Nevertheless, to gather with the effectiveness, the major limitation of the plate is the where the ladies breasts have the augmentation. This is able to hinder the performance of the mammography exercise and therefore lead to enhance the performance of the mammography.

Through the compression device, the breast is made more uniform in thickness in order to allow x-rays to go across shorter thickness. The little the amount of x-rays used the better in any mammography process. A shorter coverage time is also required as a result and shorter time of distributed radiation getting to the breast receptor improving image disparity which is only possible through the process of compressing the breast to reduce the thickness. Compressing the breast helps in the breast structure since breast structures are irregular and they overlap one another so through such a process it possible to gently and safely spread these structures apart and better analyze the breast since each structure is clearly visible through the x-ray.

In conclusion, the compression and breast maintenance plate are key in the effectiveness of the screening of the diseases. The first compression plate is usually disposed in an ray path. This plate enhances the proper supporting and compression of the breast during the testing process. This is able to produce the planar experience and the compression required. The second compression plate is associated with the breast support table. The compression parts have to allow one other with the consideration of the first bases.

Types of mammography

A mammogram is defined as a beam of radiation rays image of the breast with only two types, which involve the diagnostic mammogram and screening mammogram. A screening mammogram is used in checking for breast cancer in patients who shows no sign or symptom of an illness and two beam of radiation rays images of each breast are taken for further detection of hidden tumors or micro calcifications. A diagnostic mammogram is used in checking for breast cancer in a patient who does have a lump or other sigh of the illness with signs, which may include pain, nipples discharge etc.

Mammography is an imagining technique which is able to use procedures and low-slung dosage beam of radiation rays arrangement to understand the classified of the breast and able to detect cancer at early cancer (Wu, Barnes and Tucker, 1991). A mammogram, which is a mammography exam, helps in the early stages of detecting and diagnosing of any kind of breast illnesses in women. There are three main advancements in the mammography, which include computer-aided detection, breast tomosynthesis and digital mammography.

In addition, there are two key types of mammography, which include the  film-screen mammography and digital mammography (Wu, Barnes and Tucker, 1991). In other terms, the digital mammography is also known as full-field digital mammography (FFDM), which is defined as a system of beam of radiation rays films is substituted by electronics that converts the beam of radiation rays into mammographic images of the breast and the radiographer can analyze this images and better provide results. The digital mammography uses automated images, which can be kept on a computer file which can be easier to send and even in terms of reference as one continues with their study. These files, which are images, can be better evaluated since they can be magnified or even enhanced making it easier and thereby accurate results are obtained and without much straining (Wu , Wu, Gingold, 1994).  The system is similar to that which is found in digital cameras and they have high effectiveness allows the images with a low radioactivity dose. In addition, these pictures of the breast are then conveyed into a processor for assessment by the radiologist and for long-term storing. Additionally, experience which the patient endure during digital mammography is same as one the one felt during the conventional film mammogram (Wu, Barnes and Tucker, 1991). In addition, this arrangement highpoints these areas which are on the images and  therefore alarms the radiologist to cautiously assess this key areas. Through the use, digital mammography images can be transmitted electronically from one place to another. The digital mammography has some advantages over the film screen mammography, which may include the following. First, the digital mammography is able to convey nearby three quarters of the radioactivity that film screen mammograms do and also their images can be better changes for the best views and their storage is easier. Despite this advantage, digital mammography is usually more costly and due to this, it is not widely available like the film –screen mammography.

In addition, breast tomosynthesis, which is also known as three-dimensional (3D) mammography and also as a digital breast tomosynthesis is an innovative kind of breast imaging. This type of imaging involves a case numerous images of the breast from various sides are taken and remodeled into three-dimensional image (3D) set. Three dimensional mammography uses computer software to help in the reconstruction of the images

Moreover, even though the radiation quantity of some breast tomosynthesis systems is at times more higher than the dosage, which is used in standard mammography it still remains within the approved safe levels (Wu, Barnes and Tucker, 1991). Huge population studies have revealed that the application of breast tomosynthesis leads in an upgrading of breast cancer detecting rate and only few request back cases where some women are called to come back from screening for additional testing because of possibly unusual findings.

Mammography dose is part of the quality control test which is carried out to enhance the exposure rate in a patient. When it comes to mammography, a patient dose becomes so important because it helps in evaluating the risk especially when we talk and have to evaluate when it comes to the patient and imaging them for a benefit- risk analysis performance. This would help- in determination of the benefit the patient is expected to gain from the mammography as in comparison to the risk associated to the same. A certain level of risk in this case may be acceptable in order to help the patient to achieve some benefits. It would also be important to assess the performance of the mammography equipment’s part of the initial acceptance testing and during the periodic quality control(Wu , Wu, Gingold, 1994).Testing; it is helpful in comparing competing imaging techniques such as screen-film, mammography, new image receptors and xeromammography. It helps in answering questions form patients and physicians involving concerned doses which helps to give clear information to them and help avoid some possible harms which could arise as a result of lack of information. It leads to compliance with various regulations and guidelines related to the mammography dose especially because there must be certain level set and target which must be achieve by all undertaking mammography. The mammography dose is highly affected by the skin thickness. The change in the skin is able to affect the effectiveness of determining the cancer.

In addition, the change of the dose is able to depend on different factors. These factors are able to lead to the changes on different factors and results which are achieved through the screening. The thickness of the skin or the body part and the granularity are the major parts which are able to change the mammography dose. This helps to determine the different doses which can be allocated and imposed on different patients. The dose is only provided according to the different status of the patient.

In mammography dose some doses can be measured while others can only be reported from the measured quantities. Various dose bounds that can be calculated are the in-air exposure at the point of the entry surface of the breast (x2), the dose to entry surface of breast (De) the dose of midline of breast (Dmid) and the mean dose to the glandular tissue of the breast (Dx.av). In conclusion, the mammography dose helps to compare the information from other patients. The major comparison is done between the mammography dose and the standard output which is achieved according to different patients.

References

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