Theory and Analysis of Sample Survey Designs

Discuss about the Theory and Analysis of Sample Survey Designs.

The education sector in India has grown in leaps and bounds over the past couple of years. This could be associated with the relative improvement in infrastructure, the continuously stabilizing economy in addition to protective policies put in place by the government in order to streamline the sector. Despite the noted success, it is a fact worth noting that the sector still faces a number of challenges on a day to day basis (Amadio,Truong, Ressler & Gross, 2014). Most of these challenges are associated with learners in the rural set ups who lack access to the basic requirements in education hence making the process not only cumbersome but also less effective. This paper focuses on challenges that exist in the education sector. A special reference is given to learning in the Punjabi region in Northern India. Research studies indicate that learners in most of these regions are marginalized hence lack the necessary exposure especially when it comes to learning languages. The rate at which English is learned and spoken among the Punjabis indicates a worrying trend which therefore reveals that the activity is not entirely embraced in the given area. This could be attributed to the fact that the first and dominant language in the area is Punjabi. This implies that English is foreign hence has to be taught effectively (Anderson, 2014). This paper shall therefore explore the ways which the students in rural Punjab schools could be extrinsically motivated to speak English. The discussions shall be based on review of relevant literature in addition to case studies from which the arguments shall be derived before coming up with the relevant conclusions and recommendations.

According to the annual report by UNESCO (2009), the comparative report about education statistics across the world indicates India as one of the countries with low education levels particularly at the elementary level (Banerjee & Lanjouw, 2012). The report points out lack of good road networks as one of the major challenges facing the education sector in the rural set ups. With reference to Punjab, some of the roads are in deplorable states which have greatly hindered the movement of both teachers and students from one place to another. Poor roads networks acts as an obstacle to the learners in their bid to access their school of choice. The students therefore opt for the nearest options irrespective of the fact that these facilities may not offer the quality that one desires. The report finally suggests the need to revamp infrastructure especially in the rural regions in India as a major step towards improving education. With good network of roads, the movement of students and teachers is greatly enhanced. In addition, the free flow of learning materials including books and other stationery is easily achieved when there is a reliable means of transport in an area (Barro & Lee, 2011).

As pointed out by Singh (2014), education in the rural Punjab region is also affected by lack of enough trained teachers. The author reveals a ratio of 1 teacher to about 15 students which is not only outstretching but also leads to the poor delivery of services. From this text, two essential factors are imminent. To begin with, the number of teachers in the given region is lower than the expected value. This leads to a situation where the students are congested in classrooms so that the few personnel available can attend to them within the given period of time. In such scenarios, learning is rarely effective since the high number of students may not be able to adequately capture the attention of the overwhelmed teacher. At the same time, the teacher may not be able to attend to the individual needs of each of the learners, a situation which consequently locks some out. The second emerging issue is the fact that some of the teachers are not trained. As noted by Singh, poor training has a special influence on the teacher’s ability to deliver the contents to the learners. Content delivery therefore becomes a major issue in a case where the teachers themselves are not educated enough. In order to manage a long lasting solution to the problems identified above, the author presents further education to teachers as one of the strategies which would enhance quality service delivery in the education sector. In this case, the teachers are encouraged to further their studies in addition to attending other expository meetings, conferences and exhibitions. These activities enable them to interact with other values and knowledge areas which in turn revamp their content mastery. With proper teacher education and exposure, the learners are likely to feel the gains as the teachers will effectively transfer the content to them.

Singh and Chaudhary (2009) in their book discuss the aspect of motivational levels as one of the challenges to effective education. As noted by the authors, motivation on the side of both the learners and the teachers is a vital element required for successful teaching. The teachers ought to be motivated to do their work. This could be achieved by availing the necessary learning resources like books and other stationery. The teachers can also be subjected to dependable reward schemes where the consistent and effortful performers are identified and encouraged. This increases the desire to give one’s best when it comes to accomplishing the responsibilities. On the other hand, the authors are keen to note that the students’ motivation and attitude towards the learning process plays a key role in influencing the level to which they will grasp and understand the contents. For instance, teaching English among the Punjabis has been a major challenge due to the society’s attitude and level of reception towards the language. This implies that the learners themselves are hardly motivated to explore new challenges and hence gain from the process. This in turn acts as a major obstacle to the effective delivery of the curriculum. The authors therefore suggest the need for continuous teacher and learner motivation as a means of improving the effectiveness of learning not only in Punjab but in India as a country. The government would work on measure which may include increasing the remuneration for teachers who work in the marginal and rural areas. This could attract and motivate qualified teachers to work in such areas.

The Education Planning Report (2015) outlined inadequate facilities as one of the challenges to education in rural areas in India. Punjab is pointed out as one of the regions in which the level of education has been low as a result of inadequate facilities. The schools lack the necessary learning materials for instance text books and other reference materials. In some cases, the learning environment exists in a deplorable state due to poor maintenance. The teaching aids availed are not enough for the swollen student numbers in the rural areas. The unavailability of the resources could be linked with poor network of roads which renders most of these areas inaccessible. Without the teaching aids, the learning process becomes a struggle especially in cases where the learners need practical demonstration of certain concepts. The process of learning becomes effective and important when and only when the learner manages to gain knowledge from their experiences in the learning environment. This process is made possible when the learning aids are available to help the students grasp and retain the contents. In a case where these facilities are not available in the right measures, the students are forced to share the few which may end up disrupting the process entirely making it less effective. One of the recommendations in the report is the need for equitable distribution of learning resources especially to the targeted rural set ups. This step would be crucial in improving the efficiency of the teaching and learning process.

The National Institute of Educational Planning report (2016) revealed that cultural marginalization is one of the other challenges which hinder effective learning in rural Punjab schools. When the society is isolated from the larger part of the country as a result of their cultures and beliefs, it becomes hard to reach them with any moderations from the education sector. One major influence of culture on education is the fact that it largely impacts the students’ reception to any foreign value or idea. This becomes the case especially when the foreign value seems to scrape off an aspect that they have culturally hung on for a while. For instance, learning English in the Punjab region has been majorly influenced by the peoples’ culture which largely embraces Punjab as the common language hence means of communication. The process of teaching and learning English therefore ought to be characterized with a number of motivational ideas in order to increase the students’ reception to the language. In line with this challenge, the planning commission suggests cultural education especially among the rural communities as a means of enlightening both the teachers and the students (Benson, 2010). When people are allowed to interact with other cultures and values, they are able to appreciate them and hence incorporate into their own. In this case, the rural communities can be exposed on other cultures where English is considered a major means of communication. This can in turn help them adjust on their attitude towards the subject.

By deducing points from the review of literature above, it can be noted that there are a number of challenges which could be associated with the education sector especially in the rural areas (Cox, 2014). It would be important to note these challenges as they offer a perfect guideline to obtaining long lasting solutions to students’ attitudes towards subjects such as English. In addition to highlighting the obstacles to effective learning in the education sector, the core objective of this paper was to point out the ways in which the students in the rural Punjab schools could be extrinsically motivated to learn and speak English.

Mehta (2014) suggests cultural variation an approach towards achieving extrinsic motivation. Through this strategy, the students can be exposed to other cultures in an interesting manner hence increasing their interest in learning and knowing more about these cultures. Language is a core element of a society’s culture. This therefore implies that interacting with other cultures would involve interacting with other languages. When this idea is successfully implemented, the students’ traditional belief in Punjab as the only language is effectively erased hence offering the platform where they can learn other languages (GOI, 2013). The process of cultural variation in the learning institutions can be made objective so that the students get to interact with cultures and values where English is considered as a common language. By building up the learners’ interest in the foreign language, it becomes easy to introduce and teach English especially in the elementary schools in Punjab.

In addition to cultural variation, English could also be introduced at an earlier level in the education system in Punjab. As mentioned by Benson (2010), most elementary schools in India are mother-tongue based. These statistics equally capture Punjab as the affected areas. Consequently, the students get to obtain a very poor foundation in line with English speaking at an early age. Introducing the language at a later level in primary education or even in institutions of higher learning comes as a challenge to those students who never interacted with it at an early stage. As a way of motivating the students in these set ups to learn and speak this language, the idea could be introduced as a subject right from the elementary stages of learning. Through the implementation of such an idea, the students get to grow with the language in them. As time goes by, they are able to internalize the key contents and hence be in a pole position to speak and even use the language as a method of communication in their day to day activities. Early introduction of English may therefore mean increasing the number of personnel who are able to teach the subject right from the lower levels. In line with this strategy, the learner teacher ratio may need to be adjusted in a bid to ensure that each student gets the best out of their teachers.

Extrinsic motivation of students towards a language involves creating an environment around the learners that will attract and improve their attitude towards learning and speaking English. In order to achieve this, the educational planners together with the teachers can create programs which see English used as a common means of communication in the day to day activities (MHRD, 2009). This can range from the class discussions to other interactions between the learners in the learning environment. When the students are continuously exposed to the use of English as a means of communication on a day to day basis, they are likely to build up interest in learning how to speak it. This idea therefore emphasizes the argument that an encouraging environment would go a long way in motivating the students to speak English. As a monitoring tool, measures can be put in place to ensure that those who breach the programs are punished.  For instance, a disk can be used to note those who speak in mothertongue especially in situations where the instructions abhor the use of such a language. Those found guilty of such offenses are corrected through appropriate measures as a way of encouraging them to embrace and use English as a means of communication (Mehta, 2014).

The other approach which could be used to motivate the students in rural Punjab schools to speak English is through the incorporation of media in the learning processes. In this strategy, the learners are allowed to interact with various media for instance newspapers, radio and television pieces in which the items are presented in English. The idea ought to be as consistent and continuous as possible. The main objective in this case is to expose the learners to English content as much as possible.  This does a lot in increasing the awareness of the students towards the language. Creating an environment where all forms of communication are basically done in English would therefore be a special way of encouraging the students in these rural set ups to learn and embrace the language (NCERT, 2009). Apart from the use of media, the teachers could as well employ the use of direct rewards to motivate the learners who show exemplary effort in learning and speaking English. In order to identify such performers, their progress in line with the use of the language can be monitored over a given period of time which can then be summarized through a test and short exam. Their performance in such exams finally determines the nature of reward given to them. Seeing one individual get rewarded would be an encouragement to others to equally learn and speak the language.

The discussion above offers the right image of the state of Education in the rural set ups in India. The paper which focused on Punjab has outlined some of the challenges which tend to act as obstacles in the learning environment (Planning Commission, 2015). It was important to point out these challenges as they would act as appropriate guidelines when coming up with recommendations for proper English learning in the rural Punjab schools. The outcomes can therefore be connected thus. By availing the necessary learning resources which include reference materials, the process of learning is made more effective and easy. This flows right into the idea of enhancing English speaking in these schools. For instance the availability of the relevant media resources help in increasing the students’ interaction with the language which is equally motivating. Secondly, improving the network of roads offers an appropriate avenue where both the learners and the teachers can move around easily. This can be crucial in the process of cultural variation as a motivational strategy (Robert, 2011). This is because it involves the movement of people from one place to another.  Increasing the effectiveness of this movement improves the level of interaction between the learners and the various cultures which equally acts as a motivating factor towards language speaking and understanding. At the same time, increasing the number personnel would help stabilize the student teacher ratios which makes the contact sessions more effective. The current situation indicates a low number of teachers especially in the rural Punjab schools. With a good number of teachers, especially those who specialize in teaching English, the contact points are made more effective which in turn increases the motivational levels.

In conclusion, it is a fact worth noting that the education system is becoming more and more dynamic with the changing trends in our world today. This only implies that the stakeholders involved may also need to make the necessary reforms and adjustments to ensure that students in the rural set ups are not left behind. This could be achieved by ensuring that the rural regions are also fed with the necessary resources and personnel similar to the situation in urban centers. Additionally, the government ought to work on the infrastructure in the rural set ups to improve accessibility and ease movement of people from one place to another. Finally, the educational policies put in place ought to be those that encourage the learning and speaking of English especially in the rural set ups (UNESCO, 2011). Such policies could involve introducing English as a subject in the earlier stages of elementary learning. When these measures are effectively implemented, the students are likely to stay motivated with respect to learning and speaking English.

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