ELE472 Electrical Power Distribution Systems

Introduction 

In this generation, the uses of electronic devices and sensors are growing quickly that enables to development and implement automated systems so that activities can be done automatically. The sensor is a major part of the electric circuits and networks that provides a way to sense or scan any object or product effectively. With the help of sensors, automated and control systems can be developed in a significant manner. The aim of this research is to review the importance of sensors in daily life activities and understand their concept in regards to electric engineering. There are various products and systems are selected that use sensors for example traffic control, temperature control, mobile devices, washing machines, and many more. This research will review the importance of sensors in these products along with their working operations.

Temperature Control System 

It is one of the common systems used in electric engineering and societies due to its potential to sense or detect the level of temperatures effectively. It is demonstrated that the temperature control system uses temperature in order to measure the amount of heat energy that enables to a sense of a physical change in the level of temperature. Such kinds of sensors have been implemented in numerous IoT-based devices for managing the level of temperature.

It is reported that a temperature controller is a kind of device which is mainly used for controlling or monitoring the heat by comparing a sensor signal with the defined point and able to perform the calculation as per the deviation among the temperature values [1]. In the field of business industry, temperature control systems are very popular that enable to process and review the temperature values in a reliable manner. It is found that temperature control devices contain temperature sensors based on the solid-state techniques for examining the temperature. In terms of effectiveness, the temperature controller is more effective and reliable that requires a lesser power supply, and easy to implement in electronic devices and circuits. Kaewwiset and, Yodkhad [2] proposed research and determined that a temperature control device is a kind of system which is capable to automatically monitor the temperature of an object effectively.

It is found that temperature control device is mainly used in the air conditioners, refrigerators and other devices for controlling the level of temperature. In terms of effectiveness, temperature sensors are more effective and reliable which are capable to enable the users to automatically maintain temperature levels in the workplace [3]. The working of the temperature sensor is simple where devices are linked with the temperature sensors in order to read the electrical signals. The sensor is developed with the two metals that produce electric voltage for representing the temperature values. Numerous kinds of temperature sensors are used in industries for example resistance temperature detectors, thermocouples, thermistors, and many more. Therefore, it is reported that the adoption of temperature sensors and controlling devices are helpful for businesses, societies, and electrical engineering.

Ir Sensor In Tap Control System 

IR refers to the infrared sensor which is one of the common sensors used in electronic devices and systems in order to perform controlling related operations. There are two types of IR sensors used for example active and passive where active IS sensors are capable to emit and detect infrared radiations. On the other side, passive sensors are used to only detect infrared radiations and not able to emit them from an LED system. In the case of automatic tap controllers, active IR sensors are used due to their larger capability to detect the flow of water from taps. The uses of tap controller based on IR sensors are growing quickly that enable companies, hotels, and industries to manage the flow of water and reduce the wastage of water in a reliable manner [4].

In this generation, most of the malls, hotels, and companies are accessing automatic tap controller devices where IR sensors are implemented for sensing and monitoring the flow of water. In this system, IR sensors are connected with the Arduino microcontroller in order to control and monitor the flow of water. The working of the IR sensor is simple where an object is linked with the controlling system that helps to scan and perform operations. In the case of tap controlling devices, the hands of the individuals are scanned and checked using IR sensors that enable the users to access taps and water flow easily. After removing hands from the tap, IR sensors are capable to automatically block the electronic circuit and stop the flow of water in a significant manner.

In terms of effectiveness, IR sensors are more effective and reliable which helps to sense an object easily due to which these sensors are implemented and included in the tap controlling systems. It is reported that in tap controlling devices; active IR sensors are used that contain two parts for example LED and receiver [5]. When an object comes close to the infrared sensor, the light obtained from the LED diode reflects off of the object and the receiver is capable to detect the reflected light for performing operations. The automated tap controlling devices can be implemented in numerous sectors for example industrial automation and water vending systems. Two IR sensors are used in the tap controlling systems where one sensor is capable to detect the objects near the water tap and another sensor is linked to the upper part of the water tap in order to detect the level of water. When this sensor senses that the container is filled with water then the user can access the flow of water easily.

A Proximity Sensor In Mobile Phones 

Proximity is another leading sensor that is now implemented in smartphones and devices in order to detect the presence of an object and convert it into the signals that can be read by the consumers through electronic devices and systems. It is reported that proximity sensors are capable to detect motions and correlations among the users and mobile devices effectively [6]. In this generation, most of the users are accessing smartphones for performing daily life activities where proximity sensors are used for managing interactions with objects. The major advantage of the proximity sensor is that it can be operated with lesser voltage values due to which it is now implemented in mobile devices and networks.

It is determined that proximity sensor senses when a customer is holding the phone near to the face at the time of the call and turns off the display for preventing keypad presses that allows the users to reduce battery consumption while performing calling-related activities. It is found that the proximity sensor is mainly located to the right of the earpiece so that detection-related operations can be done easily. In mobile devices, proximity is connected with the electronic circuit and able to sense the hands of the users in a reliable manner [7].

The major advantage of using proximity sensors is that it helps the users to save battery and manage consumption-related problems by which the performance of the mobile devices and batteries can be improved effectively. Proximity sensors are a great group of sensors. The working philosophies of proximity sensors with numerous structures and utilizes are quite dissimilar. There are two major fundamental principles are used in proximity sensors. One is the time of flight approach. By sharing and monitoring the time from the launch of a particular energy beam to being reflected back by the object, the distance to the object is mainly examined from the time interval. The second is the variable magnetic flux technique. It is found that the distance is obtained by the implications of the conductive object on the magnetic field at numerous locations. Using such methods, mobile devices are capable to detect the proximity between the hands and mobile systems.

Pressure Sensors In Washing Machines

A pressure sensor is a kind of sensor which is capable to senses pressure and converts it into electric signals. In this sensor, the amount depends on the pressure level applied to the devices. A washing machine is a leading example where pressure sensors are used in order to close or open contacts for providing input to other electric circuits. It is found that the pressure sensors have the potential to deliver either an analog or digital signal to the washing machine so that pressure controlling activities can be done effectively [8]. As the output of the pressure sensor mainly provides the power control functionality to the motor, in numerous products, the pressure sensor is linked to the power control and sensing machines. A washing machine is a common product used in societies where the level of water and pressure level can be monitored and reviewed effectively.

It is demonstrated that the level of water in the washing machines is around 2 feet by which a pressure sensor can identify 1 psi in the performance of washing machines. Using pressure sensors, the level of water can be monitored and payload weight can be handled in a significant way due to which most of the advanced washing machines are linked with the pressure sensors-based electronic circuits. In the case of electronic circuits connected with the washing machines, a pressure sensor works by converting pressure into analog electric signals [9]. The force included can deflect the diaphragm into the pressure sensor linked with the washing machines. Therefore, it is found that the uses of pressure sensors in washing machines are helpful and significant by which both water level and pressure levels can be monitored effectively and performance level can be improved.

Traffic Control Systems Using Ultrasonic Sensors 

An ultrasonic sensor is a leading sensor that is capable to measure the distance of a targeted object by transferring ultrasonic sound waves and converts into electrical signals. In traffic control devices, ultrasonic sensors are included due to their larger capability to examine the distances between the vehicles and enable them to manage traffic-related problems effectively. It is demonstrated that ultrasonic sensors are capable to provide the larger speed of sensing the vehicles due to which most of the countries are now implementing smart traffic control systems in order to manage traffic and accident-related problems [10]. Ultrasonic sensors contain major two elements for example transmitter and receiver where the transmitter is used to emits the sound through piezoelectric crystals and the receiver is capable of encounters the sound after it has traveled to the main targets. In the case of traffic control devices, the transmitter helps to sense the details related to traffics and the receiver is capable to provide electrical signals to the controller so that traffic issues can be managed.

Road traffic system mainly gathers and analyzes driving details of vehicles so that problem of traffic on road can be addressed in lesser time [11]. The host system is a major part of the traffic controlling system that connects ultrasonic sensors with the electronic circuits and monitors the traffic signals as per the outputs provided by the ultrasonic sensors. With the help of smart traffic controlling, governments are able to detect and sense the level of traffic in a significant manner. The working of an ultrasonic sensor is simple where sound waves are transferred to the objects and transducer mainly acts as a microphone for gaining and sharing the ultrasonic sounds [12]. In the case of traffic controlling devices, ultrasonic sounds contains a single transducer that helps to examine the distance to an object by identifying time lapses among the transferring and obtaining of the ultrasonic pulses. Therefore, all these are major electronic sensors used in the daily life products and enable the users to reduce time and efforts through automated systems and networks.

From the above discussion, it may be summarized that sensors play a significant contribution in the electric engineering and automated industry by which measurements and detection related activities can be done easily. This this helped to enhance experience in regards to the electronic sensors and reviewed various sensors along with their working and applications. It is found that a temperature controller is a kind of devices which is mainly used for controlling or monitoring the heat by comparing a sensor signal with the defined point and able to perform calculation as per the deviation among the temperature values. It is found that temperature control device is mainly used in the air conditioners, refrigerators and other devices for controlling the level of temperature. The uses of tap controller based on IR sensors are growing quickly that enable the companies, hotels and industries to manage the flow of water and reduce the wastage of water in a reliable manner. In this generation, most of the malls, hotels and companies are accessing automatic tap controller devices where IR sensors are implemented for sensing and monitoring the flow of water. The major advantage of using proximity sensor is that it helps the users to save battery and manage consumption related problems by which performance of the mobile devices and batteries can be improved effectively.

References

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