HIST130 History of American Popular Culture

Question 1

How Karl Marx believe the industrial world would pass from capitalism to socialism

Marx claimed capitalism was doomed to fail. He predicted that the proletariat would replace the bourgeoisie, eradicating exploitation and hierarchy in the process (Liedman, 2018). By the knowledge and class consciousness, the proletariat will unite the working class. In the beginning, Marx's thought was founded on a paradigm of historical transition. According to Marx, capitalism was a stage in this historical evolution, not the ultimate, ordinary, organic, or stable state of human organization. The goal of historical evolution was radical human emancipation, but social liberty, not the individual liberty advocated by classical liberals, which Marx deemed greedy. Marx expected that private control of production would be phased out and replaced by public ownership, first under socialism and then communism (Liedman, 2018). Hence, social classes and class conflict will vanish in the final stage of human evolution.

Why and how Communism came to Russia

Russia adopted communism to enhance equality within the country by eliminating the suffering of the lower class community (Essig, 2016). The communist approach permits public control of resources such as means of production. Communism was established in Russia following the 1917 Russian Revolution (Essig, 2016). Previously, Russia was governed by an absolute monarchy, leaving the lower classes in abject poverty for generations. This strain was compounded by the widespread starvation and death toll caused by World War I. The first revolt occurred when the Russian army was sent to quell a protest organized by newly laid-off factory employees. However, the army lost hold of the situation after several troops defected and demonstrated unity with the workforce. The Czar was forced to abdicate, while Bolshevik officials promoted themselves to several high positions and began introducing Marxist-inspired communist activities.

How Stalin created a socialist industrial economy

Stalin developed a socialist industrial economy by launching a five-year scheme to modernize agriculture and establish new industries from scratch (Halpern, 2019).

The human costs

He repossessed the land of resistant farmers and directed peasants to reversed labor camps. Also, the workforce lacked the necessary skills, and semi-skilled employees could not operate the complex mechanism installed (Halpern, 2019). As a result, equipment was destroyed, the workforce was crashed, poisoned, and gassed while money was used in astronomical quantities.

Question 2

How Britain and Japan, as the utmost imperialist powers in East Asia, extend their control over other countries

Britain and Japan expanded their control over other nations in East Asia through colonial expansion through conquest, developing new technological advances, and exploiting the resources of the conquered countries (Amin, 2017). During the NEW Imperialism reign, Western powers and Japan independently conquered most African nations and parts of Asia.

How their methods were different in China

Britain and Japan desired to expand their control over China by doing business with them without arbitrary spheres or borders to constrain their commerce and without the geographical entanglements or constitutional obligations opposed by anti-imperialists (Amin, 2017).

How Japanese and British imperialism come to an end

The emergence of US warships in China in 1854 provoked Japan into reform, culminating in the Meiji Restoration of 1868 (Amin, 2017). This brought an end to feudalism, consolidated the government order, and prepared the world for industrialization. Japan was an ardent supporter of Britain's military model and colonial policy.

References

Amin, S. (2017). Contemporary imperialism. In Mapping a New World Order. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Essig, L. (2016). Communism in R ussia. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies, 1-2.

Halpern, N. P. (2019). 4. Creating Socialist Economies: Stalinist Political Economy and the Impact of Ideas. In Ideas and foreign policy (pp. 87-110). Cornell University Press.

Liedman, S. E. (2018). A World to Win: The Life and Works of Karl Marx. Verso Books.

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