FND3002 The Individual and Society

The reason behind the concept of human development is to increase the freedom and opportunities of the people also helps to enhance the lifestyle of an individual. This approach focused on the concept of capability. Capability is basically tells that how much an individual can extent his ability to achieve a particular goal or task. The study of human development helps to understand how their life turns. It helps to understand how the growth of an individual is related to society. There are 4 types of human development. They are Physical Development, Cognitive Development, Emotional development and Sexual Development. There are 5 stages of human development namely, Prenatal Development, Toddlerhood stage, Childhood stage, Adolescence and Adulthood (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2018). Prenatal growth is the mechanism by which a baby grows from a single cell into an embryo and then a foetus after conception. The toddler phase is named after the word "toddling," which refers to how children travel while learning to walk. It refers to one to three years of age. Early childhood, which spans from birth to the eighth year, is a period of rapid physiological, mental, social and economic, and language acquisition. Adolescence is a stage when an individual transitions from childhood to adulthood. It involves significant physical and psychological alterations in a teenager’s life. Adulthood is the stage of a person's life where they have reached complete physically and psychologically maturity. Adulthood is generally considered to arise at the age of 20 or 21 (Bernardi, Darainy and Ostry, 2015). This essay will discuss about the childhood development basically it explain how the development of child is processes. The essay will also evaluate the role and importance of the biological and social influences during the Childhood stage.

Secure, sensitive, and loving relationships in families and communities are hallmarks of a happy childhood (Berns, 2015). Children thrive in supportive environments that enable them to securely explore and interact with the world around them while also encouraging them to reach their full potential. The childhood stage starts from 2 - 10 years. This is the most important where child starts learning how he should behave (Slentz, 2016).

There are five areas of child development. There are five areas of development of child. First is cognitive development. When children develop and enter early adolescence, they gain a greater idea of how the world works and what, where, how, and why things happen. Children's cognitive growth refers to the skills development that helps them comprehend their surroundings. It's the progression of their thinking process, including how they process knowledge, think and believe, decide right from wrong, resolve conflicts, learn new things, and experience the world around them (Barbuscia and Mills, 2017). The next is Social and Emotional Development. These skills contribute to a child's ability to communicate with others as well as understand and control his feelings and emotions. Empathy, sympathy, knowing and voicing emotions and the ability to connect to others are examples of social and emotional skills. These abilities begin in infancy, when children engage with their parents and create emotional ties, and they will continue to develop throughout adulthood. These skills keep the child confident, he develops awareness can also maintain the stress by maintaining the social and emotional skills (Jones, et al., 2016). The third is speech and language development. The skills that children use to grasp and interact with others are referred to as speech development. The child's language learning allows them to express what they want and how they feel. It's also important for their thinking process, issue, and establishing social relationships (Barrett, 2016). The next is motor skill development which relates to the general physical abilities needed to perform small movements, such as using their hands and fingers. Fine motor skills starts almost immediately after birth when they grasp reflexively, followed by placing their fingers in their mouth a few months later, and then grasping at items by the age of six months (Veldman, Jones and Okely, 2016). The last area of development of child is gross motor skills development. These Skills are the physical abilities required to perform large body movements, such as those involving the head, neck, arms, and legs. It's the organized and regulated movement of your arms or legs (Webster and Ulrich, 2017).

One of the theories of human development is Behaviorism Theory. All habits are acquired through contact with the environment through a mechanism called conditioning, according to behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology. As a result, behavior is nothing more than a reaction to external stimuli. While development of the child, there are certain biological factors which affect the behavior of a child (Baum, 2016). The next theory of human development is Maturationsist theory. This theory states that it is the method of training to cope and respond in a healthy emotional manner. It is a part of survival and prosperity and does not generally occur with ageing or physical growth. A person's experience with one situation at a childhood stage trains them for the next and so on as they progress into adolescence. Maturation does not end with physical maturation; it persists well into adulthood (Winnicott, 2018).

Gender is the factor which affects the behavior of the child. Growth of organs and change in hormones make the changes in the nature of the child. Gender has a significant impact on growth and development. These changes differentiate the pattern of behavior between the male and female. Males and females have distinct characteristics, particularly as they approach puberty. In terms of body composition, they have a variety of distinguishing characteristics. For example: When girls reached their puberty age, they do dress up in a feminine way along with they will be polite with other persons around them. On the other hand, the biological changes in man make them harsher in their voices (Christian, et al., 2015).

During the development, females are more likely than males to display physically and psychologically maturation. According to maturationist theory, child became mature according their experiences. As the female child, they faced many changes in her hormones as well as the internal organs. Due to this she became mature. They became more polite towards the people. On the other hand, male child shows his maturing as he starts showing his common sense characteristics (Doyle, 2015).

For example: In the stage of early childhood, children start doing their tasks on their own. In fact they can able work on those tasks which they have not faced earlier. Considering the middle childhood, child becomes over possessive about their appearance. Especially girls, they start eating less to maintain their weight. On the other hand, the boys become more stubborn. In the later childhood, the girls have its menstrual period. Because of this they become more sophisticated. On the other hand the male child got attracted towards the gym culture. They want to build their body (Hopkins, Geangu and Linkenauger, 2017).

Social factors which influences the development of the child is surroundings in which they live and social relationships. Physical environment means housing, educational, health-care, and job services, as well as open space for leisure, are all part of a social environment's physical surroundings. The standard of parenting can be influenced by the physical surroundings, which can have an effect on the health and well-being of children in that area. The accessibility of community services refers to community institutions and organizations, as well as community awareness and support (Doyle, 2015). The amount of services available in a community has an effect on the wellbeing of the people who live there. Living in a low-income, underdeveloped neighborhood has a detrimental effect on a child's growth. Social relationships means communications between people or groups are referred to as social connections. Individuals form connections with other individuals in every community in order to achieve their goals. These connections can be made knowingly or unknowingly. A solid, performance accountability of people offers access to the physically and mentally resources that a person requires to achieve their objectives. The social network refers to the set of social relationships. Good social networks are linked to higher levels of social stability, informal treatment, and enforcing healthy habits like not smoking and having safe sexual encounters (Anderson, 2019).

Social environment and social relationship impacts the development of the child. While the processes by which a person's social environment affects their state of health are not completely known, there is a considerable body of evidence showing that it does. A variety of potential models have been developed. Kids, for instance, are thought to mimic what they see in their community, so those who grow up in environments with high-quality schooling and child-care, access to a variety of basic services and leisure facilities, and group integration have better brain development than those who reach adulthood in environments with a shortage of resources and social stability (Doyle, et al., 2015). The social atmosphere in which a child grows has an effect on their intellectual development and academic achievement. Children who grow up in residentially stable social environments are less likely to miss school and do better academically than those who do not. People who live in low-quality neighborhoods are more likely to quit school before finishing it than someone who does not. Early childhood education, in which a child will form social bonds with other students and adults while also learning pro-social habits, has an especially positive impact on potential educational attainment. Preschoolers achieve higher academic results and are less likely to repeat a grade. Even if a child moves to a more prosperous neighborhood later in life, a child who lives in a deprived community during early childhood may have lower cognitive growth and academic success (Keenan, Evans and Crowley, 2016).

Peoples' feelings of connection, which they feel when they have positive social bonds, have a positive impact on their mental status. The children with higher self-esteem surely have positive social relationships. They do not have any issues related to their mental health like they do not suffer from stress and depression. The social environment may also have an effect on a child's wellbeing by affecting their parents' behavior. According to an Australian analysis, parents who lived in neighborhoods where facilities were more readily available were less likely to use hostile parenting tactics than those who lived in areas where resources were scarce (Doyle, et al., 2015).

People who live in social settings with strong social interactions are more driven than those who don't. Social support, for example, has been considered to be a key indicator of a child's desire to achieve stated objectives, while effective teaching boosts a child's desire to continue both academic and social goals. Positive social environment also enhances the physical health of the child. Eating issues are less likely to occur in children who have strong social interactions than in kids who do not. Immunization rates are higher in children who live in supportive social settings than in kids who do not. Kids who have good social connections do better in athletics than those who do not (Feldman, 2015).

For example: Kids who involve in regimens such as eating food together as a family or going to the park on Sundays enable close relatives to form social interactions with one another. Family traditions often help people feel like they belong. Child's sleep habits are improved when they have a bedtime routine. Because they have positive social environment, the kids do not engage in those activities which cannot be fruitful for them. As they have proper guidance, they do not involve in bad habits (Culbert, Racine and Klump, 2015).

Gaming is one of the most important ways for kids to adapt social skills. Playing encourages positive peer relationships and lowers the risk of a child engaging in violent behavior.

Thus from all theories studied above it is defined as that childhood stage is been the important stage for an individual. This is the stage in which a child learns various things which can be important for their life. Considering the childhood stage, there are five areas in which child can be developed. They are cognitive, social and emotional, speech and language, motor skills and gross motor skills development.  The theories described in this essay are behaviorism and maturionist theory. Behaviorism theory states the action and reaction of the child influenced by the biological and social factors. Whereas the maturionist theory states how the child becomes mature while their development.  Gender is the factors which affects the behavior of the child. The changes and development of the hormones shows the differences in nature of the child. Social environment also have impact in development of the child. If a child surrounded by healthy environment, they would have positive behavior response towards the other people.

References

Anderson, G. (2019). Biological influences on criminal behavior. CRC Press.

Barbuscia, A. and Mills, M.C., 2017. Cognitive development in children up to age 11 years born after ART—a longitudinal cohort study. Human Reproduction, 32(7), pp.1482-1488.

Barrett, M. ed., 2016. The development of language. Psychology Press.

Baum, W.M., 2016. Understanding behaviorism: Behavior, culture, and evolution. John Wiley & Sons.

Bernardi, N.F., Darainy, M. and Ostry, D.J., 2015. Somatosensory contribution to the initial stages of human motor learning. Journal of neuroscience, 35(42), pp.14316-14326.

Berns, R.M., 2015. Child, family, school, community: Socialization and support. Cengage Learning.

Christian, H., Zubrick, S.R., Foster, S., Giles-Corti, B., Bull, F., Wood, L., Knuiman, M., Brinkman, S., Houghton, S. and Boruff, B., 2015. The influence of the neighborhood physical environment on early child health and development: A review and call for research. Health & place, 33, pp.25-36.

Culbert, K.M., Racine, S.E. and Klump, K.L., 2015. Research Review: What we have learned about the causes of eating disorders–a synthesis of sociocultural, psychological, and biological research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(11), pp.1141-1164.

Doyle, L.W., Cheong, J.L., Burnett, A., Roberts, G., Lee, K.J., Anderson, P.J. and Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group, 2015. Biological and social influences on outcomes of extreme-preterm/low-birth weight adolescents. Pediatrics, 136(6), pp.e1513-e1520.

Feldman, R., 2015. Mutual influences between child emotion regulation and parent–child reciprocity support development across the first 10 years of life: Implications for developmental psychopathology. Development and psychopathology, 27(4pt1), pp.1007-1023.

Hopkins, B., Geangu, E., & Linkenauger, S. (Eds.). (2017). The Cambridge encyclopedia of child development. Cambridge University Press.

Jones, S.M., Zaslow, M., Darling-Churchill, K.E. and Halle, T.G., 2016. Assessing early childhood social and emotional development: Key conceptual and measurement issues. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 45, pp.42-48.

Kail, R.V. and Cavanaugh, J.C., 2018. Human development: A life-span view. Cengage Learning.

Keenan, T., Evans, S., & Crowley, K. (2016). An introduction to child development. Sage.

Slentz, K. (2017). Early childhood development and its variations. Routledge.

Veldman, S.L., Jones, R.A. and Okely, A.D., 2016. Efficacy of gross motor skill interventions in young children: an updated systematic review. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 2(1).

Webster, E.K. and Ulrich, D.A., 2017. Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Test of Gross Motor Development—third edition. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 5(1), pp.45-58.

Winnicott, D.W., 2018. The maturational processes and the facilitating environment: Studies in the theory of emotional development. Routledge.

Are you stuck with an overly convoluted assignment based on a particular subject matter? Are you looking for a dedicated team of subject matter experts to help you through the hurdle? Take a look here. MyAssignmenthelp.co.uk is right here to back you up with the following services and beyond. 

• Finance assignment help
• Law assignment help
• Accounting assignment help
• Management assignment help
• Biotechnology assignment help 
• Engineering assignment help and more 

So, get in touch with us right away, place your order and have the best SME by your side to provide you with impeccable assignment help online.