ITC331 Ethics and Professional Practice

Introduction:

NSW Government passed the use of artificial intelligence technologies as a commitment. The aim of NSW Government is to improve social as well as economic outcomes in favour of the community. Large amount of information is contained with Government, which must be used through artificial intelligence for achieving several outcomes. There are several concerns related the usage of information, which are collected by government and furthermore, concerns are related to the outcomes, which are achieved by making use of AI technologies, like processes of automated decision making (Simshaw, 2018). The issues related to effectiveness of artificial intelligence as well as ethical usage of AI have been illustrated in the article.

Several strategies have been undertaken for focusing upon the need for ensuring that artificial intelligence is utilized for the goodwill of common people. Additionally, positive experiences have been built as well as several lessons have been learned from the usage of AI by government. Artificial intelligence have been used in several areas such as the assistance in maintaining trains for protecting against data breach as well as cyber-attacks.

This discussion clearly illustrates the several ethical issues, which arises by using information and communication technology such as artificial intelligence. The main points related to the issues are depicted in this discussion along with advantages as well as disadvantages related to the issues. Additionally, a conclusion is provided, which is logically drawn from the analysis that has been carried out in the discussion.

Main Points of Issues:

The main issues related to ICT included individual invasion as well as privacy of corporate, rights upon intellectual properties, rights related to individual along with society, preserving values along with accountability, which arises by using ICT (Fiske, Henningsen & Buyx, 2019). The article focuses on several types of ethical issues, which are caused by artificial intelligence. The method used by developers has been technically grooming the bots configured with Artificial Intelligence. This ensures flawless human conversation that makes it difficult in spotting a difference between a machine and that of a real representative for customer service. The predictions, which are made by algorithms of artificial intelligence, are based on several trainings provided to them. Additionally, things are labelled by algorithm based upon the data assumptions, they are trained upon. The algorithms tend to ignore appropriateness of data, which further gives rise to various issues (Wright & Schultz, 2018). Therefore, it must be ensured algorithms are appropriate during cases when corporate as well as private individuals mainly use it.

Furthermore, the article has undertaken issues rising from implementation, integration as well as deployment of applications based upon AI into enterprises. The organisations must have adequate knowledge about advancement as well as technologies of artificial intelligence along with its shortcomings (Pavaloiu & Kose, 2017). The issues are mainly arising due to lack of knowledge about technical expertise, which further hinders process of adoption in various organisations related to this niche domain. The article also mentioned there are only 6% of firms that are processing smoothly after implementation of artificial intelligence technologies. Therefore, it is essential for enterprises for identifying roadblocks, which are faced during processes of deployment (Etzioni & Etzioni, 2017). Additionally, enterprises must consist of human resources that are skilled in order to help teamwork along with returns by tracking adopted solutions of artificial intelligence.

Additionally, article has mentioned issues related to price. As per the articles, organisations, which are small as well as medium sized faces several challenges at the time of adopting technologies related to artificial intelligence, as they are expensive (Benke & Benke, 2018). Furthermore, the article has highlighted about big firms like Amazon, Apple, Microsoft, Google as well as Facebook, which allocates completely separated budget in order to implement as well as adopt technologies of AI.

Data acquisition along with storage is another major issue related to artificial intelligence, which has been illustrated in the article. Systems of artificial intelligence in businesses are based upon sensor data for the purpose of their input (Yu et al., 2018). Therefore, for validating artificial intelligence there are huge amount of sensor data that are collected. Furthermore, datasets that are noisy and at the same time irrelevant causes several obstructions because it is difficult to analyse as well as store them. Additionally, it has been stated that AI works most appropriately when they are provided with handful amount of data. During such cases, the algorithm of AI becomes stronger as well as performs more appropriately with increase in relevant data. The issue arises when data is not available. During such situations, AI performs inappropriately (Winfield & Jirotka, 2018). As such small amount of changes with quality of data causes such huge results on predictions as well as outcomes, therefore it is essential for ensuring more stability as well as accuracy within Artificial Intelligence.

In addition, the other issue, which has been identified by the article, is that the workforce required for artificial intelligence is rare as well as expensive. The process of adoption as well as deployment for technologies related to AI requires experts like data scientists and data engineer (Pesapane et al., 2018). These experts are rare as well as expensive to be found in current market situation. As a result, medium sized as well as small sized organisations fail to appoint the experts due to their tight budget as per requirements of the firm. Additionally, article mentioned that there are great responsibilities, which comes along with the implementation of artificial intelligence applications. Therefore, it is essential for an individual to take responsibilities, which arises due to malfunctioning of hardware.

The article has also highlighted legal challenges that are faced by companies through application of artificial intelligence with algorithm that are erroneous as well as data governance (Hamet & Tremblay, 2017). This has been observed as one of the major issue related to artificial intelligence that developers in real world faces. An erroneous algorithm always leads to unfavourable as well as incorrect predictions. In addition, within an algorithm, personal identifiable information of users acts like feed stock, which might be hacked. These leads the organisations to fall under trap of challenges, which are legal.

Furthermore, article has focused upon emerging fields, where procurement of tech is very challenging as artificial intelligence are vulnerable in particular. Several issues are faced by businesses for gathering knowledge about the exact way of using artificial intelligence in an effective manner (Rigby, 2019). Additionally, article has stated that although it is considered that artificial intelligence are luxurious retreat but it should not be avoided that there are several radical changes, which are brought into organisations by implementing artificial intelligence. For implementation of artificial intelligence, an organization requires experts that are difficult to find. Additionally, for adopting AI in a successful manner, it is essential that an organization have computation processing with high degree (Roberts et al., 2021). Furthermore, organisations must concentrate on several processes for mitigating the issues related to artificial intelligence other than ignoring issues related to destructive technology.

Therefore, it is essential to minimize issues related to artificial intelligence, which will help in maximization of benefits by creating roadmap for adoption of extensive technology that helps in understanding all the core capabilities related to artificial intelligence.

Pros and Cons for Main Points:

There are various advantages as well as disadvantages related to issues of artificial intelligence. The issues related to algorithm of AI are not faced in terms of calculations (Greene, Hoffmann & Stark, 2019). Artificial Intelligence proves to be beneficial in case of calculations as complex problems involves difficult algorithm, which can be done without any human errors based upon previous data recorded. Additionally, several businesses make use of digital assistants for communicating to their users, which helps them in saving time. Therefore, it can be concluded that normative ethic theories are undertaken by organisations for addressing specific issues. By making use of such theories users demand are fulfilled by organisations and therefore, users are not required to wait. The digital assistants are programmed in such a way that they give best assistance to the users.

However, artificial intelligence is expensive and there is no service related to AI, which are free of cost. Artificial intelligence involves complex machines that are very expensive just like digital assistance (O'Sullivan et al., 2019). Therefore, there arises a disadvantage for small as well as medium sized organisations as they have limited amount of investments. Additionally, apart from the cost of installation, the maintenance as well as repair cost of machines are extremely huge. The programs of software, which are used requires upgradation along with the need to cater with changing environment. Furthermore, in case of any kind of breakdown, procurement costs are high and recovery requires huge time.

Another advantage related to artificial intelligence is that it does not wear out easily. AI along with robotics science is used for the process of fuel exploration as well as mining. Ocean floors are also explored by making use of complex machines of AI and helps in overcoming limitations of human (Boddington, 2017). Additionally, the programming capability of robots provides the benefit of performing more laborious task along with great responsibility and hard work. Although, the machines does not wear out easily, but they can never replicate human.

The other pros related to artificial intelligence are that they serve as rational decision makers (Montes & Goertzel, 2019). The advance organisations consist of digital assistants, which provide the benefit of interacting with users of organisations along with saving the requirements of human resources within the organisation. Additionally, program decisions can be taken rightly if artificial intelligence machines are rationally worked upon. As the robots do not contain any sort of emotional side, therefore, they tend to think logically.

As per the meta-ethics of ethical theories and concept, it does not address the exact issues. Similar is the case with above-mentioned issue of artificial intelligence. Machines are addressed as rational but they do not possess any sort of moral values along with emotions (Tambe, Cappelli & Yakubovich, 2019). In addition, machines fail to identify what is legal as well as ethical and as a result, they do not possess any skills for making their own judgements. Similarly, in case of unfamiliar situation machines of artificial intelligence performs in a completely incorrect manner, which further gives rise to several difficulties for organisations.

In addition, other merit of machines used for artificial intelligence is that they do not require any sort of breaks. Machines are programmed in such a way they tend to work for hours without getting distracted as well as bored (Yapo & Weiss, 2018). This is the main benefit acquired by using machines over human as they can work continuously for consecutive hours without getting tired. Additionally, efficiency of machines is not hampered by any sort of external factors.

As per the theories and concepts related to ethics, the disadvantage related to the use of machines of artificial intelligence is that it cannot be improved along with experience. The machines tend to perform similar functions until and unless new commands are provided to them. Additionally, with passage of time machines might get wear as well as tear. Furthermore, there are huge data, which are stored by machines and the way they are accessed as well as used are not similar to that of human intelligence. Machines fail to cope up with environment, which are dynamic and therefore, they are not able to alter the responses provided by them in case of changing environments (Obschonka & Audretsch, 2019). Additionally, the sense of belonging as well as togetherness is absent in case of machines. Artificial intelligence machine also fails in distinguishing between individuals, which are efficient as well as hardworking.

However, AI helps in situation, which is risky. Safety of human is taken care of by the machines. Safety is considered as vulnerable, therefore, machines that are linked with algorithms, which are predefined, can be taken into use. Additionally, it has been highlighted that machines helps in reaching to such extends where humans cannot reach.

By considering the theories as well as concepts of ethics, it has been observed that the most severe risk related to artificial intelligence is unemployment and causes adverse effects. In several industries the demand for requirements, which are human-intensive have been decreased with rise in technologies that are capital intensive (Bryson & Winfield, 2017). Furthermore, if skills are not undertaken by human then in mere future, there lies a tendency of human getting replaced by machines.

Therefore, it has also been observed that major issue, which is related to the reason of GDP being stagnant, is due to expected rate unemployment. Humans do not possess the skills, which are in demand and therefore, there lies a huge gap between supply and demand. All the above-mentioned pros as well as cons are related to the issues of artificial intelligence, which have been identified in the article undertaken for this study.

Conclusion:

The article clearly illustrated about different levels in which the government of Australia focuses upon use of data in an appropriate manner. Increase in the implementation of technologies related to artificial intelligence requires huge amount of data. These are considered as the only manifestation for outcome of policies related to government. Many thinking related to public policies within Australia around the use of data in an appropriate manner has been driven by seminal inquiry of Commonwealth Productivity Commission. The seminal inquiry was about data availability as well as use by which several forms of legislative were sparked, which was related to data sharing along with use.

Furthermore, the article stated that there were several recommendations made by Productivity Commission in order to remove several barriers related to businesses, Australian government as well as advantages taken by not-for-profit related to benefits arising from greater exploitation of data. The main of Productivity Commission was to increase the use of data resources along with data sharing through transparent systems as well as uses were essential for allowing greater confidence to users in processing data. Additionally, it can be concluded that the approaches of NSW Government in a way reflected several themes of review by Productivity Commission.

As per the Inquiry mentioned in the article, it influenced approach of Commonwealth Government towards artificial intelligence. Additionally, they released framework related to ethics of artificial intelligence for providing assistance for both business as well as entities of government fir adopting artificial intelligence as per ethical principles. The ethic framework further places emphasis upon fairness of artificial intelligence along with ensuring that systems are accessible widely without any discrimination against communities, individuals as well as Australian groups along with humans. Furthermore, it centred values for promoting diversity along with autonomy related to individuals.

The discussion article has clearly illustrated that there were several ethical criteria provided by Ethics Framework of artificial intelligence for the projects related to AI, which are further related to the adopted principles for Ethic Policies of NSW Government. Therefore, it can be concluded that the government undertook several criteria for overcoming issues related to adoption of technologies based upon artificial intelligence.

References:

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