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Chronic diseases are the major diseases that are causing the highest number of deaths in Australia. The percentage of the affected population by these illnesses amounts to 90% according to the death tolls in the country as of 2011. The growth the chronic diseases has been followed with many successes in the limitations to the infection and infant deaths in the past. The changing lifestyle and the high number of the aging population have led to the diseases becoming common causing a heavy burden to the ill health. The various illnesses and health conditions are to be classified under the class, “chronic diseases.” They are said to be in existence and are sharing common risk factors and are believed to be working together in determining the health status of the individuals. A great deal of the integration of prevention and care and the treatment of certain chronic diseases are underway to keep people healthy for the longest time possible. The people caring for the patients are aimed at eliminating the symptoms and to prevent chronic diseases or rather show their complicated developments (Moist, et al. 2008). The risk reduction of the chronic kidney disease is attained through the control of the glycemia and hypertension. In Australia, there has been a success in the treatment of the three although their burdens with regards to prevalence have been rising due to the trending risk factors in conjunction with the aging population. Even though the rates of smoking has been seen to fall, the prevalence of poor eating practices and diet that cause overweight and obesity have been suggesting that the CVD, diabetes and CKD will still be a problem in future. In this study, the major objectives are to dig into the issue of chronic diseases focusing on the comparison of the impacts of diabetes type 2 to other illnesses as hypertension on the development of the kidney disease in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.
Chronic diseases are always discussed in four disease groups; cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic obstructive disease (COPD) and diabetes. They are also associated with major risk factors that include smoking and excessive use of alcohol among others. The deaths are though not capturing the exact impact of the chronic diseases. In Australia, and in other developed countries, the death and illnesses caused by the chronic diseases have been common and is now seen to be spreading rapidly to the developing countries due to the global change in the diets leading to overweights and physical inactivity (Dobbels et al., 2007).
Diabetes is one of the chronic illnesses that are causing a major challenge in the health departments in Australia. After it started gaining fame in Australia, the country resorted to forming a body that dealt with the diabetes; diabetes Australia. It is a national body that is for the affected people suffering from all the types of diabetes and the people who are said to be at risk. According to the diabetes Australia constitution, the body is to deal with the focus on reducing the impact of diabetes on the people. Diabetes Australia is a combination of the voice of the consumers and the health professionals as well as that of the researchers who are dedicated and committed to reducing the impacts of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is the stage of diabetes that is seen to be growing at a higher rate. If the diabetes type 2 is left undiagnosed and when it is managed poorly, it can lead to many other infections in the body such as coronary artery disease and kidney failure among other disabilities (CARI, 2007).
Hypertension is significantly another major disease in the category of the chronic diseases that is seen to be among the leading death causing illnesses in Australia. Also high blood pressure, hypertension is known to be another risk factor for heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases. Prevention and management of hypertension can be through the practising of healthy lifestyle that includes the maintenance of a healthy diet and weight and also the control of alcohol consumption and smoking (McDonald, Excell & Livingston, 2008). High blood pressure can be monitored through regular measurements of the blood pressure and can as well be managed through the use of the pressure lowering tools kit and medication. In between the years 2011 and 2012, nearly one-third of the Australian adults were prove to be suffering from hypertension where the men were found to be more likely to suffer from the disease than women. The illness was also more prevalent in the older ages with adults of 85 years and above likely to be the most victims (Cameron, 2000).
Hypertension, diabetes and chronic kidney disease have been seen to be having some relationships with concerns to the health of Australians. According to the national centre that is concerned with the monitoring off the cardiovascular diseases in Australia, the issue of prevalence and incidences comes second in the series. The centre issues a case of the prevalence and incidences in the Australian population with regards to three chronic diseases that are acting either alone or as a combination. These are cardiovascular diseases, majorly high blood pressure, diabetes and chronic kidney diseases (Mathew, Faull & Snelling, 2005). The three are said to be having similar and underlying causes and features that are sharing many common risk factors including the prevention and management as well as the treatment strategies. In Australia, there has been a success in the treatment of the three although their burdens with regards to prevalence have been rising due to the trending risk factors in conjunction with the aging population. Even though the rates of smoking has been seen to fall, the prevalence of poor eating practices and diet that cause overweight and obesity have been suggesting that the CVD, diabetes and CKD will still be a problem in future (Cass, 2006).
High blood pressure and kidney disease is said to be related in many different ways. One, hypertension is believed to be a leading cause of the kidney diseases. High blood pressure has been known to be a risk to damaging the blood vessels in the body (Mathew, Johnson & Jones, 2007). The latter can result in the reduction of blood supply in the body organs like the kidney. It also causes harm to the tiny filtering’s found in the kidney. As such, the kidney may stop their job of removing wastes and the other fluids from the blood. When the extra fluid in the blood vessels builds, they might raise the blood pressure more. Secondly, hypertension can be a complication of chronicle kidney disease. The kidney in the body is known to be playing a major role in maintaining the blood pressure. Kidneys affected with diseases are at a risk of reduced abilities to regulate their blood pressure and as such, there may be increase in the blood pressure (Chadban et al. 2003).
The improvements in the diagnosis and the management of the three major diseases in Australia have impacted positively on the people with an increase in the prevalence of the conditions mainly experienced on the older population in the country. In the process of monitoring the prevalence and incidence of the diseases, their burdens on the people can be assessed and the effectiveness of the preventive health measures can also be estimated (Obrador & Pereira, 2002). The absence of the national disease registry has been associated with the difficulty in presenting a complete image of the incidence and the prevalence of the three diseases. When the risk factors and treatment of the three can be ascertained, their diagnosis and access to the primary and specialty healthcare as well as their treatment time and care would be more important for the monitoring and surveillance exercises on the chronic diseases. The burden of the CVD, diabetes and CKD has been noted to be higher among the aboriginals and Torres Strait islander Australians (Chow et al., 2003).
One of the major steps initiated with an aim of reducing the weight of the chronic kidney disease is the identification and monitoring of the factors that can be seen to contribute to the prevalence of the disease. It has been seen that monitoring these factors can highly help in explaining the prevalence and the success of the health related campaigns. The risk factors to the disease can be grouped into three categories; fixed, behavioural and biomedical. However, the major risk factors apply to other chronic diseases as the cardiovascular illness and diabetes that in turn appears to be a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (McDonald & Hoy, 2005).
Chronic kidney disease is seen to come as major promoter of mortality among the Australians. Research has shown that the effects of the disease on the indigenous Australians in higher compared to the impacts experiences in the non-indigenous people. The contributing factors include the poor socioeconomic situation of the people and high rate of risk factors and time and access to the diagnosis and treatment facility (Lew & Piraino, 2005). Aside from the risk factors, equally important is that the indigenous Australians are at a high risk of developing CDK from the other risk factors. People diagnosed with the disease are found to be affected including their friends and relatives mostly where there is a need for a kidney transplant. The treatment and management of the disease is associated with a modification of the lifestyle of a person. The victims are known to be the people significantly using the healthcare services as they always need regular dialysis during the end stages. The direct healthcare costs and other costs that are associated with CDK are; those incurred when travelling to get the treatment, the social and economic costs that is on the people giving the care including the families of the victims and the loss of wages as a result of the sickness (Hughson et al., 2003).
Hypertension and the kidney diseases are seen to have become a major challenge in the Australian health systems. Both hypertension and CDK are known to be highly interrelated global health issues. In a population sample, it is proven that close to 30 % and 15 % have both HTN and CDK respectively. Considering that HTN can cause CDK, its prevalence is said to be much higher and its control is proving to be difficult with worse kidney functions (Li SQ, Cass & Cunningham, 2003). The other factors influencing the severity of hypertension and its prevalence are the socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. There is also a theory that there are racial and ethnic related disparities in the prevalence and treatment of hypertension in the patients suffering from the kidney disease. The number of the people suffering from the diseases is rising by day and the death tolls as a result are also seen to be increasing with each passing day (Hoy et al., 2006). The poor diets as per the health reports where high populations are becoming sensitive to high sodium intake is seen to be a high risk factor for high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of the chronic kidney disease appears to be varied among different studies promoted by the differences in the study population and the differences in the definitions of the definitions of the chronic kidney disease. The risk factors for CDK have been examined in many dimensions. According to the different researches done by different authors, hypertension comes to be termed as the leading risk element that causes premature death in the Australian population (Atkins et al., 2004).
The treatment of the patients who are at a higher risk for developing cardiovascular diseases has a main aim of controlling the blood pressure and the controlling of the blood pressure levels. Chronic kidney disease and diabetes type 2 are seen to be prevalent in causing cardiovascular diseases. The people caring for the patients are aimed at eliminating the symptoms and to prevent chronic diseases or rather show their complicated developments. The risk reduction of the chronic kidney disease is attained through the control of the glycemia and hypertension. While reducing the risks through the control of the lipids and hypertension is for the macro vascular, the control of glycemia is for the reduction of the metabolic and neurologic risks (Dunstan et al. 2002). The care for the type 2 diabetes is seen to be provided best by a team of health professionals with skills and expertise in diabetes and who are working together with the patient and their family and or friends and relatives. The management includes an appropriate setting of the goals to be achieved. Once one acknowledges the goals that he or she needs to achieve in the process, they will develop better management practices. Two, one can engage in management through the modifications of the diet and exercise and also through recommended medication. Three, monitoring the blood glucose can be another major step in managing hypertension and chronic kidney disease. The blood glucose should always be maintained at the normal levels or somewhere near the normal level (Cass et al., 2001).
A review of the blood glucose log is expected to be a part of the management plan. With the encounter plan of the patients with diabetes, there should be educative programs where the victims would be encouraged to follow to the latter the appropriate and recommended treatment plan. The people taking care of the victims to the chronic diseases should be stressing on the diet to be followed and the recommended exercises throughout the treatment plan. It is because the lifestyle measures are bound to have significant increase in the hypertension without having any effects on the blood glucose levels (Chilcot et al., 2008).
The growth the chronic diseases has been followed with many successes in the limitations to the infection and infant deaths in the past. The changing lifestyle and the high number of the aging population have led to the diseases becoming common causing a heavy burden to the ill health
A great deal of the integration of prevention and care and the treatment of certain chronic diseases are underway to keep people healthy for the longest time possible. In Australia, and in other developed countries, the death and illnesses caused by the chronic diseases have been common and is now seen to be spreading rapidly to the developing countries due to the global change in the diets leading to overweights and physical inactivity. Type 2 diabetes is the stage of diabetes that is seen to be growing at a higher rate. If the diabetes type 2 is left undiagnosed and when it is managed poorly, it can lead to many other infections in the body such as coronary artery disease and kidney failure among other disabilities. Prevention and management of hypertension can be through the practising of healthy lifestyle that includes the maintenance of a healthy diet and weight and also the control of alcohol consumption and smoking. According to the national centre that is concerned with the monitoring off the cardiovascular diseases in Australia, the issue of prevalence and incidences comes second in the series. In Australia, there has been a success in the treatment of the three although their burdens with regards to prevalence have been rising due to the trending risk factors in conjunction with the aging population. The treatment and management of the disease is associated with a modification of the lifestyle of a person. The victims are known to be the people significantly using the healthcare services as they always need regular dialysis during the end stages.
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