2807NRS Chronic Illness Management

Introduction:

The case study states the health disorder of Mr. Bonner. He is an aboriginal individual residing in the southeast region of the world. he is suffering from some cardiac issues that are the cause of some serious chest pain in the mid-portion of his chest. These cardiac issues are caused by various problems occurring in human physiology (Calma, Dudgeon & Bray, 2017). These might also have a profound impact on the patient and these diseases can also be inherited in an individual having a record of these disorders. These issues are common in the aboriginal population as they are habituated to consume processed food after the European invasion in this part of the world. Also, the different habits of smoking and drinking after the European invasion can be a severe cause of these disorders among the natives of this region. This essay states the major health concern of such an aboriginal individual Mr. Bonner and also the health education he needs to receive to upgrade his health standards and live a healthy life.

Discussion:

The primary reason for Mr. Bonner being admitted to the hospital is the radiating chest pain. But Mr. Bonner is suffering from diabetes mellitus (McIntyre et al., 2019). This disease results from the higher levels of glucose in the blood of the patient. This disorder takes place when the human body experiences hyposecretion of insulin. This can also be caused by the abnormality of metabolism in the human body. Insulin in the human body is the chief controller of glucose concentration (Kahleova et al., 2018). This is helpful in the regulation of blood sugar levels. The improper secretion of insulin also disrupts the production of glycogen in the human body from glucose.

This leads to the lack of absorption of glucose in the blood and providing a certain hike in blood sugar levels. The patients suffering from diabetes mellitus projects certain symptoms that are fatigue and a substantial increase in hunger in the patient. The patient experiences an increase in the urge to drink water as frequent urination occurs. The patient also experiences sudden weight loss and also loses muscle mass (Du et al., 2018). The disorder also has a massive impact on the behavioral pattern of the individual and the patient also suffers from blurry vision disorder.  the certain risk factors that the patient experiences while suffering from this disease are obesity and past family history (Zaccardi et al., 2016). This can have a profound impact on the health of the patient. Moreover, age can be a massive factor in the causing of this disorder.

A person aging 45 or more than 45 stays at risk of getting affected by diabetes mellitus. Australian health and welfare association comes up with proper statistics and states that more than 5.3%  of the Australian natives suffer from diabetes mellitus. Most of these people age between 18-45 years. The stats also project that men are more prone to this disorder in comparison to women. The facts state that in diabetes that 6.1% of the males suffer from this disease compared to 4.6% of women. The statistics also project that the impact of this disease is almost the same in the remote, regional, and cities with 6.0%, 4.2%, and 4.8%. So diabetes mellitus is making most of the Australian population suffer.

The patient in this case is MR. Bonner and is suffering from chest pain that is constantly radiating from the central region of his chest. This can be a risk factor for Mr. Bonner as he can suffer from certain cardiac issues that can be severe and even can be the reason for his death. He also has a family history of coronary heart disease (Ford, Corcoran & Berry, 2018). In addition to that, he is a smoker with high blood pressure. He has a blood pressure is 150/90 mmHg that states that he has high blood pressure. His pulse rate is 84 beats/minute and it falls under the normal range. This chest pain can be the reason as the patient might have been suffering from Angina. In this disease, the patient suffers from terrible chest pain.

This results from the lack of blood flow to the heart of the patient. The contraction of the artery takes place in this disease and the patient suffers from certain squeeze, heaviness, and wheezing in the chest. This follows with a feeling of pain in the chest. This is caused by the imbalance in the demand for oxygen in the body of the patient. If the oxygen demand is not met the patient suffers from pain, causing angina (Manolis et al., 2016). The pathophysiology states that the inability of blood flow to the heart can be caused by certain spasms or the deposition of cholesterol plaques in the arteries. A person suffering from atherosclerosis can also experience terrible pain in the chest as the blood flow is interrupted in this case. Angina can also cause by the reduction in the elasticity of the arteries in the human body that results in low blood flow to the heart.

The patient is at high risk of getting affected by angina as he has a family history of cardiac issues. His indulgence in tobacco and saturated fatty acids can also put him at risk of getting affected by angina (Ong et al., 2018). Moreover, as Mr. Bonner suffers from diabetes so he is prone to get affected by angina. In addition to that his high blood pressure also encourages angina to affect his physical health. So all the above risk factors contribute to Mr. Bonner getting affected by angina. Moreover, as Mr. Bonner suffers from hypertension that is caused by stress or anger can make him more prone to the disease as these factors provoke the sudden release of hormones that can act as a crucial factor in the shrinking of the arteries prohibiting the blood flow causing angina and severe chest pain.

The management of angina is carried out in several ways. Certain medications like aspirin and nitrates are provided to the patients that help in the widening of the arteries and help the blood to flow to the heart without any interruption. These medications are crucial for the patient as these helps in the proper reduction in the blood clot that occurs in the arteries and narrows them disrupting oxygenated blood flow to the heart (Kureshi et al., 2017). The beta-blockers can also be used in this case to treat angina as this medication can help the heart to beat slowly causing a lower release of adrenaline helping to reduce the force needed to pump the heart. The registered nurses play a key role in providing proper care to the patient suffering from angina (Hickman et al., 2020). Besides medication, they are crucial in helping the patient in taking up certain lifestyle-changing activities that are important to take care of their health. 

This education provided by the registered nurses is crucial in giving the patient good health. The registered nurses state that the patient suffering from angina should not indulge in smoking and take proper care of the diet. Moreover, the patient should practice mindfulness to manage stress, hypertension, and anger issues that can provide fuel to the disease (Westphal et al., 2015). so the patient needs to maintain the protocols instructed by the registered nurses and take up certain sessions on practicing mindfulness to manage stress. The patient should also follow a strict diet laden with whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Moreover, the patient should also stay away from certain lifestyles by incorporating some daily exercises that can help in keeping the body weight under control.

These exercises can help to manage body weight and also helps in reducing blood sugar levels and also blood pressure in the individual to keep the patient healthy. These lifestyle changes are crucial as these changes can help the patient MR. Bonner to keep his blood sugar and blood pressure under control. The proper control of blood sugar levels can help in keeping diabetes under control and thus reduces the risk of chest pain. Moreover, practicing mindfulness can help the patient to free himself from hypertension issues reducing stress and in turn reducing Angina (Kumar et al., 2015). So the nurses are promoting certain lifestyle changes besides taking certain medications to lead a healthy life. So, the health promotion carried out by the registered nursed paly a key role in promoting the health of the client and giving him a healthy life. So, Mr. Bonner can get a plethora of benefits by following the health promotion and optimize his health standards and live a complication-free life.

Conclusion:

From the above essay, it can be concluded that Mr. Bonner is aboriginal individual suffering from chest pain that can be caused by angina. the patient also suffers from diabetes and chronic hypertension. He has a history of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases that can have caused the disease. apart from these his lifestyle and food habits also contribute to his decreasing health standards. He has been provided with certain medications that are crucial in the proper control of his problem. Apart from this, the registered nurse carries out a personal program with the patient regarding the changes he needs to incorporate into his lifestyle. He should keep proper track of his diet and prohibit himself from smoking. He should also indulge in meditation sessions that can help him lead a stress-free life by keeping his problems at bay.

References

Calma, T., Dudgeon, P., & Bray, A. (2017). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing and mental health. Australian Psychologist, 52(4), 255-260. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12299

McIntyre, H. D., Catalano, P., Zhang, C., Desoye, G., Mathiesen, E. R., & Damm, P. (2019). Gestational diabetes mellitus. Nature reviews Disease primers, 5(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0098-8

Zaccardi, F., Webb, D. R., Yates, T., & Davies, M. J. (2016). Pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 90-year perspective. Postgraduate medical journal, 92(1084), 63-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133281

Kahleova, H., Tura, A., Hill, M., Holubkov, R., & Barnard, N. D. (2018). A plant-based dietary intervention improves beta-cell function and insulin resistance in overweight adults: a 16-week randomized clinical trial. Nutrients, 10(2), 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020189

Du, Y. T., Rayner, C. K., Jones, K. L., Talley, N. J., & Horowitz, M. (2018). Gastrointestinal symptoms in diabetes: prevalence, assessment, pathogenesis, and management. Diabetes care, 41(3), 627-637. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1536

Ford, T. J., Corcoran, D., & Berry, C. (2018). Stable coronary syndromes: pathophysiology, diagnostic advances and therapeutic need. Heart, 104(4), 284-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311446

Manolis, A. J., Poulimenos, L. E., Ambrosio, G., Kallistratos, M. S., Lopez-Sendon, J., Dechend, R., ... & Camm, A. J. (2016). Medical treatment of stable angina: a tailored therapeutic approach. International journal of cardiology, 220, 445-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.150

Ong, P., Camici, P. G., Beltrame, J. F., Crea, F., Shimokawa, H., Sechtem, U., ... & Coronary Vasomotion Disorders International Study Group. (2018). International standardization of diagnostic criteria for microvascular angina. International journal of cardiology, 250, 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.08.068

Kureshi, F., Shafiq, A., Arnold, S. V., Gosch, K., Breeding, T., Kumar, A. S., ... & Spertus, J. A. (2017). The prevalence and management of angina among patients with chronic coronary artery disease across US outpatient cardiology practices: insights from the Angina Prevalence and Provider Evaluation of Angina Relief (APPEAR) study. Clinical cardiology, 40(1), 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.22628

Hickman, S. E., Parks, M., Unroe, K. T., Ott, M., & Ersek, M. (2020). The role of the palliative care registered nurse in the nursing facility setting. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 22(2), 152-158. doi: 10.1097/NJH.0000000000000634

Westphal, M., Bingisser, M. B., Feng, T., Wall, M., Blakley, E., Bingisser, R., & Kleim, B. (2015). Protective benefits of mindfulness in emergency room personnel. Journal of affective disorders, 175, 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.038

Kumar, N., Khunger, M., Gupta, A., & Garg, N. (2015). A content analysis of smartphone–based applications for hypertension management. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, 9(2), 130-136.

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