3804NRS Community Nursing Practice

Obesity or overweight is regarded as an abnormal accumulation of fat accumulation which triggers the development of many health hazards. The condition is caused due to many reasons such as physical inactivity, overeating, genetics, psychological distress and lack of proper balanced diet. The disease is also found to be develop due to lack of proper environment which supports healthy eating. Prolonged period of obesity is found to cause stroke, type 2 diabetes, digestive problem and even osteoarthritis (Ellulu et al., 2017). The below paper will discuss about obesity in Australia along with risk factors, vulnerable population and intervention.

Discussion

Define and outline of categories

Obesity is regarded as a complex disease which is characterised by excessive fat accumulation and it is found to rise the chance of many other disorders such as high blood pressure, diabetes and cancer. The condition develops due to more obesogenic environment which governs food and physical exercise behaviour. The condition is diagnosed by determining the body mass index (BMI) with a range of 30 or higher. The various categories of BMI are, below 18.5 is regarded as underweight condition, BMI between 18.5 to 24.9 is considered as normal, BMI level of 25.0 – 29.9 is known as overweight and that of 30.0 or higher is known as obesity. The condition is caused due to metabolic, genetic, behavioural and hormonal influence upon the body by excessive fat as calories. Other choices are unhealthy diet, liquid calories and inactivity (Schwartz et al., 2017).

Impact of obesity in Australia

It is has been reported that the rate overweight accounts for almost 8.6% effect upon the health expenditure and it also triggers the development of other disease which also impacts upon the economics. It is reported that in the year 2017-2018, almost 2 out of 3 Australians above the age of 18 was found to be obese or overweight. The rate of was 36% for overweight and that of 31% were obese (aihw.gov, 2021). Australia ranks 6^th out of 22 countries in 2020, for the enhanced rate of overweight and obese individual. This disease triggers the development of other disorder such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal condition along with cancer. The overweight condition is found to hamper the ability to control other associated condition. Overweight condition primarily develops due to lack of physical activities and lack of proper knowledge about nutrition. It is also found that 38% of the Indigenous adolescent and children were found to be suffering from obesity in the year 2018-2019 and the rate was found to be increased by 7% from the year 2012-13. It is also reported that almost 40% of the Australian mortality rate is due to obesity and overweight and it requires proper intervention (aihw.gov, 2021). 

Education level and family income impacts obesity

Lack of Education and family income along with environment triggers the development of obesity. Lack of education hinders the knowledge and understanding related to disease development and diet and treatment. It is found that family dynamics and home environment is found to cause obesity by adhering to unhealthy food choices and lack of proper nutritious food results in fat accumulation (Sahoo et al., 2015). Similarly, it has been evident that children belonging to lower income families is found to be suffering from obesity in comparison to higher income countries but the relationship differs across ethnicity and race. It is determined that children and adolescent belonging from lower socioeconomic status is found to be suffering from obesity compared to higher community people. Jo (2014) stated that childhood obesity and family income are negatively related with one and other. The study determined that the development of obesity is due to many reasons such as lack of income limits the choices of food which increases obesity. It is also found that lack of education results in poor food choices and along with that it triggers the development of other disease such as behavioural issues, sadness and low self-esteemed. Lack of education also hinders the choices and determining the advantages about physical activities.

Vulnerable population in Australia prone to obesity

It is found that the prevalence of obesity is higher among older adult and adolescent in Australia. Almost 15% of the individual above the age of 75 years is found to be suffering from obesity and almost 29% of adult between the age of 55 to 64 is found to be suffering from obesity in Australia. The older patient develops obesity due to prolonged effect of other disorder such as gout and osteoarthritis and thus, limits the physical activities and thereby developing obesity. It is also found that in Australia, the individual residing in remote rural areas is found to be suffering from obesity more. The level of overweight and obesity among adult is found to vary according to location and geography. The older women belonging to lower socio-economic group is found to be suffering from obesity which rated almost 61% (aihw.gov, 2021). 

Community-based health promotion

The community nurses can provide effective education about proper diet and physical activities which will help in enhancing knowledge about various food option and physical activities which will help in reducing weight (Gomez et al., 2018). The parents of the adolescent must be included in the treatment plan as well which will help in promoting healthy eating habit and reduce the prevalence of obesogenic environment. A community level counselling program must be provided to older adults which will help in adhering healthy food and physical exercises and thereby reducing obesity (Andrade et al., 2018).

Literature

Little et al., (2016) aimed at evaluating the effectiveness about internet-based behavioural intervention after combining with primary care. The researcher performed a RCT study with three group such as web-based, POWeR and general weight management. The study determined that weigh loss program is helpful in reducing weight but web-based counselling can also be provided to the patient which help in changing the diet pattern and increase adherence to physical activities. Hence, the nurse can provide tele-counselling to the patient situated in remote about diet and physical activities and thereby reducing obesity.

Conclusion

The above paper discussed about obesity among Australia. The condition of obesity is diagnosed by determining the body mass index (BMI) with a range of 30 or higher. The paper also discussed about community-intervention which will help in reducing the same.

References

aihw.gov. (2021). Overweight and obesity - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 11 April 2021, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/overweight-and-obesity

aihw.gov. (2021). Overweight and obesity: an interactive insight, Time trends - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 11 April 2021, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/overweight-obesity/overweight-and-obesity-an-interactive-insight/contents/time-trends

aihw.gov. (2021). Risk factors to health, Who is overweight? - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 11 April 2021, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/biomedical-risk-factors/risk-factors-to-health/contents/overweight-and-obesity/who-is-overweight

Andrade, J., Lotton, J., & Andrade, J. (2018). Systematic Review: Frameworks Used in School‐Based Interventions, the Impact on Hispanic Children's Obesity‐Related Outcomes. Journal of School Health, 88(11), 847-858. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12693

Ellulu, M. S., Patimah, I., Khaza'ai, H., Rahmat, A., & Abed, Y. (2017). Obesity and inflammation: the linking mechanism and the complications. Archives of medical science : AMS, 13(4), 851–863. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2016.58928

Gómez, S. F., Esteve, R. C., Subirana, I., Serra-Majem, L., Torrent, M. F., Homs, C., ... & Schröder, H. (2018). Effect of a community-based childhood obesity intervention program on changes in anthropometric variables, incidence of obesity, and lifestyle choices in Spanish children aged 8 to 10 years. European journal of pediatrics, 177(10), 1531-1539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-018-3207-x

Jo, Y. (2014). What money can buy: family income and childhood obesity. Economics & Human Biology, 15, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2014.05.002

Little, P., Stuart, B., Hobbs, F. R., Kelly, J., Smith, E. R., Bradbury, K. J., ... & Yardley, L. (2016). An internet-based intervention with brief nurse support to manage obesity in primary care (POWeR+): a pragmatic, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 4(10), 821-828. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30099-7

Sahoo, K., Sahoo, B., Choudhury, A. K., Sofi, N. Y., Kumar, R., & Bhadoria, A. S. (2015). Childhood obesity: causes and consequences. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 4(2), 187–192. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.154628

Schwartz, M. W., Seeley, R. J., Zeltser, L. M., Drewnowski, A., Ravussin, E., Redman, L. M., & Leibel, R. L. (2017). Obesity Pathogenesis: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Endocrine reviews, 38(4), 267–296. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2017-00111

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