MBT511 Statistics for Biotechnology Research

The nuclei and other organelles, for example, the specialized organelles such as membrane-bound compartments are absent in prokaryotes while eukaryotes have them (Spang et al 2015). The tern eukaryote refers to a true nucleus. The genome of the cell is found within the nucleus in eukaryotes. Transcription, therefore, takes place in the nucleus and the mRNA is then transferred to the cytoplasm through the pores within the nuclear envelope for translation. Interestingly, the prokaryotic translation and transcription aren’t temporarily or spatially separated. Ribosomes are known to be the translation spots containing protein and RNA that combine with tRNA and mRNA. Eukaryotes possess 80S ribosomes whereas prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes. The meaning of ‘’S’’ is sedimentation coefficient which is a measure of the shape, mass, and size of a particle. An 80S ribosome has a 60S subunit and 40S subunit while a 70S ribosome contains a 50S subunit and a 30S subunit.

Apart from having varying translation and transcription machinery, eukaryotes and prokaryotes vary in the regulation of their gene. Eukaryotes exhibit a much more complex regulation and regularly depend on various environmental factors, developmental processes, and response mechanisms. Contrary, prokaryotes control their whole metabolic pathways instead of separately controlling every enzyme. Bacterial enzymes for an explicit pathway are next to one another on the DNA of a cell and are transcribed into a single mRNA (Koonin 2017). This mRNA is known as polycistronic mRNA. Whenever a cell requires an extra or fewer of a pathway’s enzymes, it copies more or less mRNA of that pathway. 

References

Koonin, E. V. (2017). Evolution of RNA-and DNA-guided antivirus defense systems in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: common ancestry vs convergence. Biology direct, 12(1), 1-14.

Spang, A., Saw, J. H., Jørgensen, S. L., Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka, K., Martijn, J., Lind, A. E., ... & Ettema, T. J. (2015). Complex archaea that bridge the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Nature, 521(7551), 173-179.

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