EL857 Biometric Technologies

Introduction

Biomechanics of human movement is the scientific study of movement of a living being. It is a branch of kinesiology which studies the mechanics of movements in general. The study includes bones, muscles, tendons and ligaments and how they work together to support movement. According to Fung (2013), the study also looks into the theory of blood circulation and its significance to human movements. Biomechanics is divided into the following principles: force-motion, force-time, inertia and range of motion. The study of biomechanics provides relevant information on the safest and most effective movement patterns and equipments that help improve human movement.

Acceleration and deceleration are key concepts when studying movement. Breaking impulse refers to the deceleration of a movement to a halt while propulsive movement refers to the acceleration of a movement. This article will look at the relationship between propulsive impulse and the maximum breaking force in cutting movements and running movements. It will be able to determine the relationship between acceleration and deceleration in the two movements. Pollard et al.(2004) argue that there is an expected difference between running and cutting techniques due to the difference in patterns of him motion. Therefore, this study will look into both motions.

Literature Review

In support of the study being undertaken, information from published articles, books and journals proved to be important. Havens and Susan (2015), argued that changes in direction during running and cutting movements represent a mechanical change to the body since they require translation and deceleration of the body during the movement. Change in direction is vital in sports and therefore it is important to study the relationship between the associated kinematic measures.  There are differences in kinematic measures for cutting and running movements. For example, in the study by Wong et al.(2007), the peak pressures on the central foot and under the lateral toes were higher in cutting movements compared to running. Therefore, it is important to study the kinematic measures separately for running and cutting movements. The study methods and outcome is outlined below in support of the literature mentioned in this section.

Methods

The study used 8 participants who were tested for cutting and running movements. Their demographic characteristics including height and weight were recorded. Associated kinetic measures were also recorded. The measures included propulsive impulse, vertical impulse, medial impulse, braking impulse, knee angles at TD, Hip RoM from TD to Max Angle ,Ankle RoM from TD to Max among others. Kinematic measures are useful for clinical and movement analysis research (Alt Murphy et al., 2013). The data captured was numeric making it easy to perform statistical analysis. The laboratory report was recorded in an Excel spreadsheet for further analysis.

This study determined the relationship between propulsive impulse and braking impulse for the two movements using descriptive statistics. There different types of descriptive statistics. According to Ma et al. (2012), the correlation coefficient is an example of a localized descriptive statistics. Correlation is used to measure the relationship between two variables (Gogtay & Thatte, 2017). The outcome of the analysis is given below.

Results

In Excel, regression analysis is used to determine the correlation coefficient and to be able to test the hypothesis based on the resulting degrees of freedom. Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) is typically a group of correlation-based statistical techniques (Jeon, 2015). The results were computed separately for running and cutting movements. The test examined two hypotheses as given below:

Hypothesis 1

H₀: There exists no statistically significant relationship between propulsive impulse and the maximum braking force in running movements.

H₁: There exists a statistically significant relationship between propulsive impulse and the maximum braking force in running movements.

The output of the above hypothesis is give below:

Hypothesis 2

H₀: There exists no statistically significant relationship between propulsive impulse and the maximum braking force in cutting movements.

H₁: There exists a statistically significant relationship between propulsive impulse and the maximum braking force in cutting movements.

The output of the above hypothesis is give below:

Discussion

The outcome of the analysis will be discussed based on the two separate hypotheses being tested. In this analysis, correlation coefficient given by the Multiple R is evaluated at 95% level of significance.

i) Hypothesis 1

H₀: There exists no statistically significant relationship between propulsive impulse and the maximum braking force in running movements.

H₁: There exists a statistically significant relationship between propulsive impulse and the maximum braking force in running movements.

Based on the analysis, the correlation coefficient is 0.0348. This shows that there is a weak relationship between propulsive impulse and maximum braking force in running movements. The p-value 0.9347 > 0.05 therefore we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there exists a statistically significant relationship between propulsive impulse and the maximum braking force in running movements.

ii) Hypothesis 2

H₀: There exists no statistically significant relationship between propulsive impulse and the maximum braking force in cutting movements.

H₁: There exists a statistically significant relationship between propulsive impulse and the maximum braking force in cutting movements.

Based on the regression analysis, the correlation coefficient is 0.11889. This shows that there is a weak relationship between propulsive impulse and maximum braking force in running movements. The p-value 0.7791 > 0.05 therefore we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there exists a statistically significant relationship between propulsive impulse and the maximum braking force in cutting movements.

Conclusion

In summary, the analysis proved that both cutting and running movements have similar outcome. The correlation coefficient indicates that a positive relationship between propulsive impulse and maximum braking force for both movements exists but it is weak. However, the test proved that the relationship is statistically significant. The result can be in sports and exercises to determine the braking force based on an individual’s propulsive impulse. Further analysis need to be done to determine other factors that affect the maximum braking force.

References

Alt Murphy, M., Willen, C. and Sunnerhagen, K.S., 2013. Responsiveness of upper extremity kinematic measures and clinical improvement during the first three months after stroke. Neurohabilitation and neural repair 27, no. 9 (2013): 844-853.

Fung, Y.C., 2013.Biomechanics: circulation Springer Science & Business Media.

Gogtay, N.J. and Thatte, U.M., 2017. Principles of correlation analysis. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 65(3), pp. 78-81.

Havens, K.L. and Sigward, S.M., 2015. Whole body mechanics differ among running and cutting maneuvers in skilled athletes. Galt & posture, 42(3), pp.240-245.

Jeon, Eun Hee. “Multiple regression. In Advancing Quantitative methods in second language research (pp. 131-158). Routledge

Ma, Z., Zuckerberg, B., Porter, W.F. and Zhang, L., 2012. Use of localized descriptive statistics for exploring the spatial pattern changes of bird species richness at multiple scales. Applied Geography, 32(2), pp. 185-194.

Pollard, C.D., Davis, I.M. and Hamill, J., 2004. Influence of gender on hip and knee mechanics during a randomly cued cutting maneuver. Clinical Biomechanics, 19)10), pp. 1022-1031.

Wong, P.L., Chamari, K., Wisloff, U. and Hong, Y., 2007. Higher plantar pressure on medial side in four soccer-related movements. British journal of sports medicine, 41(2), pp. 93-100.

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