STAT6000 Statistics for Public Health

Paper 1

Hypothesis

The study presents both null and alternative hypotheses to look into the element of FoMo and alcohol use. The hypotheses assist the entire study to have a key model of integrating and working with the desired element of marking the progressive indulgence of the research. Hence, the study presents a series of elements that create an instrumental level of achieving a desirable angle of managing the entire research element. Therefore, the study is key to providing and marking the channel of progressive handling of the entire study. The use of these hypotheses ensure an instrumental level of addressing the relevant requirements.

The alternative hypothesis used in the study was that the higher reporting levels of FoMo was associated with higher alcohol use and more alcohol-related consequences. This was indicated in the measures that were provided by the research to assist in creating and ensuring an instrumental level of tackling and dealing with the demanded variables (Riodarn et al., 2015). Some of the variables that were used in this case included the drinking quantity and drinking frequency. These dependent variables were tested in the course of the research. On the other hand, the independent variables were the age, ethnicity and gender of the participants in the study. Every element was considered as key to designing and marking the progressive understanding of the research demands.

The null hypothesis indicated that the lesser reporting levels of FoMo meant that there were lesser alcohol use and less alcohol-related consequences for the participants. In every element, the use of the alcohol abuse was key to depicting and marking the progressive management of the modest applications at all times (Riodarn et al., 2015). Therefore, the hypothesis was also determined by the independent variables like age and gender and ethnicity and dependent variables that included drinking frequency and the quantity of drinks taken within the session. These were indicative of the process and development of a stringent level of handling the entire study needs.

Sampling Method

The study uses clustered sampling to assist with handling and looking into the key points of associating the research study. This sampling model ensures an increased level of addressing and measuring the trends within the study. Notably, this is a clustered sampling because the study only relates to students within the psychology department of the university. The testing of the psychology department and providing every student with an equal chance to sign onto the platform makes it easier to handle the study towards the desired angle of holding a relevance for their needs.

The main advantage of the model is the speed and efficiency in its application. The model of sampling can be conducted with great ease and it helps in designating an instrumental level of understanding of the research for all parties (Riodarn et al., 2015). Nonetheless, the sampling model is key to depict and mark the progressive management of rightful constructs to design and manage the provision of different elements in the study. Hence, the use of the best model and appeal in sampling makes the research easier and better to conduct.

The main disadvantage of the sampling is the danger of a homogenous outcome. Most of the samples have a similarity that can be a result of their interactions and close affiliation. Therefore, the sampling approach has to be critically worked on to ensure a better and more suitable level of handling the study requirements. Thus, the sampling requires an appropriate way of being conducted to prevent a homogenous outcome.

Demographic Features

The research conducted two studies with different demographics. The study one demographics included 182 students with females being 78.6% of the population, the mean age of the study was 19.4 years and 80.8% were European, 3.8% Asian, 6.0% Maori 7.7% other and 3 participants did not give their information.

In study 2, there were 262 participants for the research. Out of the 262, 75.3% were female and the mean age was 19.6 (Riodarn et al., 2015). The ethnicities included 76% European, 12.2% Asian, 7.2% Maori and 4.6 % other ethnicities.

Inferential Statistics

The inferential statistics used in the study is Cohen’s d and it depicts the nature and element of marking the progressive element of managing and attending to the core influence of the study as required. The model is used to ensure the measurement of the size between the two studies.

Outcome

1. In Study 1, weekly drinks had a lower score in relation to the FoMO score, while in Study 2, drinking frequency had the lower score.
2. The variable with the strongest association was the drinking quantity.
3. Yes, the associations were significant because they indicated the levels and possibilities of looking into the influence of every component.
4. The correlation coefficient used in the study is the spearman’s correlation coefficient.
5. The FoMo scores were affected by the variables in different ways. The use of the drinking frequency did not have a significant influence in the FoMo scores, nonetheless, the drinking quantity and B-YAACQ had a significant influence in the FoMo Scores as they portrayed an increased level and potential of engaging in FoMo.
6. Age and gender are controlled within the study and they do not have any particular influence to the entire study. They have a significance in portraying and marking the angle of indicating the level of dealing with the creation of a better correlation between every element of the study.

Representation

This research is representative of the greater New Zealand population because it handles the right population schemes within the country. The sampling provides an overview and measure of the right scores that have to be depicted in managing the entire research. In this case, the study has a great level of appealing to and attending to the creation of a constructive element in tackling the cases of FoMo all over the country (Riodarn et al., 2015). Nonetheless, they present a collective and mechanism of looking at the entire country’s prevailing audience of students. Hence, this study is acutely representative of the total student population in New Zealand.

Paper 2

Aims of Study

The study aims to look into the frequency of self-reported Diabetes mellitus in china from the years 2001 to 2008 and factors that are associated with the disease. The study uses an instrumental level and aspect to look into the causes and levels of dealing with Diabetes mellitus. Notably, a hypothesis can be used in the case of the research (Wong et al., 2013). The hypothesis will look into the rising levels of diabetes reporting cases and associate them with a particular factor. In this sense, the entire management and creation of an element of looking at diabetes mellitus will ensure an increasing level and angle of portraying the engagement of the community in conducting a better outcome for the study. Thus, a hypothesis can be used to help in structuring and dealing with a particular factor and the level of rise of diabetes mellitus within the community.

Demographics

The total sampling population for the study was 121,895. Out of this population, the males were 49.8%, females were 50.2% (Wong et al., 2013). A large number of the respondents were from mid income earning homes with 10,000-24,999 at 42%. Adults aged 15 years and older were 103,367

Inferential Statistics

The study used STATA analysis to assist in looking at the correspondence of the reported frequencies and the variables. The use of this model helped to provide and bring into element the modest appeal and mechanism of managing the progressive handling of the research demands. Hence, the use of this appeal marked the chance and possibility of working towards addressing and marking the meaningful depiction of appropriate offers for the research at all levels. Therefore, the use of the inferential statistics was key to providing and marking the adjustment of the study to cater for and provide a varying level and element of managing the provisions at all levels.

Prevalence Rates of Diabetes in Age and Sex

The research finds that the prevalence of diabetes is increasing drastically among individuals of the ages 0-39. The increase over the years is attributed to many factors and this relates with the high level of prevalence within the female population. A large number of females have a rising level of diabetes within the society (Wong et al., 2013). In this case, the level and appeal of managing the core influences of the disease manage to provide that the females have an increasing tendency of having diabetes compared to their male counterparts. Nonetheless, the ages of 0 to 39 also have a higher level of prevalence compared to other members of the community.

Risk of Diabetes

From the available statistics, it is notable that the prevalence of diabetes in the country has risen in the past years. The increasing influence and level of looking into the creation of an understanding for diabetes makes it easier to look into and create a sensible level of accepting the management of the disease from various fronts. Hence, the use of the best aspect in depicting the at-risk population makes it easier to look into and constructively handle the progression of the disease towards the elemental requirement at all levels.

Primarily, a female, between the ages of 0 to 39 and having a middle income earning potential of between 10,000 to 24,999 has a high risk of being affecting by diabetes. This is indicated from the research as the groups all suffer from a high potential of having diabetes and contracting the disease because of their tendencies (Wong et al., 2013). Therefore, the female in the categories will have to provide a great management of the factors to steer clear from diabetes infection. The high prevalence of diabetes among the age, gender and income level makes it easier to look at the level of spread and establish control models for the disease as required.

Limitations

The limitations used within the study depict and provide for the development of a key level of addressing and looking into the integral level of addressing the prevalence of diabetes. The first limitation is the generalization of the findings. In this case, the use of the self-reported statistics verses the applied level of diabetes within the population implies that the study did not have an avenue of looking into and providing a sufficient angle of supporting and working with the demanded angle of managing the research. Therefore, the limitation affects the reliability of the study as it is not an indication of the underlying factors in diabetes management and treatment (Wong et al., 2013). Given that the undiagnosed levels of diabetes are 3 out of 4 cases, the results do not have an influence on the reliable statistics of the study. Therefore, the study has to create an impactful approach of looking into the analysis and consider an inferential level of dealing with unreported cases. The limitations therefore create a big level of dealing with the angles of managing the study and marking the progressive handling of the research as needed. Therefore, the research does not factor in different elements that could have increased the validity of the study.

References

On Biostatistics and Clinical Trials (2012). Retrieved from: http://onbiostatistics.blogspot.com.au/2012/02/how-to-interpret-odds-ratios-that-are.html

Riordan, B. C., Flett, J. A., Hunter, J. A., Scarf, D., & Conner, T. S. (2015). Fear of missing out (FoMO): The relationship between FoMO, alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences in college students. Annals of Neuroscience and Psychology, 2(7), 1-7. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.7243/2055-3447-2-9

Wong, M. C., S., Leung, M. C., M., Tsang, C. S., H., . . . Griffiths, S. M. (2013). The rising tide of diabetes mellitus in a Chinese population: A population-based household survey on 121,895 persons. International Journal of Public Health, 58(2), 269-276. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.laureate.net.au/10.1007/s00038-012-0364-y

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