NURS10021 Public Health, Society and Nursing

Brief Description:

The Health Belief Model can be defined as one of the effective theoretical approach that is used towards guiding the health promotion as well as programs related to disease prevention. The model is majorly adapted for explaining in predicting individual changes in health behaviours (Green et al. 2020). The health belief model can be categorized as one of the most widely used models was the understanding of behaviour related to health (Jones  et al. 2015). Some of the major elements related to the health belief model majorly targets the individual belief on individual health conditions and behaviour (Caya et al. 2019). This specific model defines some of the major key factors influencing the behaviour of health as an individual's perceived sickness threat which is commonly known as perceived susceptibility. The health belief model also defines consequences for perceive severity followed by potential positive benefits related to action which is commonly termed as perceived benefits (Jose  et al. 2021). Apart from these factors, the health belief model tigers in explaining the perceived barriers towards action and also regarding the exposure to risk factors which from action as well as confidence towards the ability to succeed or self-efficacy (Heid et al., 2016).

Explanation of Model:

The health belief model is used to design shortly as well as long-term interventions. developed in the year 1950 by social scientists at the United States public health service towards the understanding of the failure of people towards adopting prevention strategies related to disease and screening test for early disease detection, health belief model is derived from the behaviour and psychological theory. The health belief model states that the belief of a person at the illness or a threat to a disease together with the belief of a person regarding the significance as well as the effectiveness of recommended health-related behaviour or action will therefore predict the chances of the likelihood of the person towards adopting that behaviour (Jeihooni et al., 2017). The two major components on which the health belief model is reliant are the components related to health-related behaviour. These are the specific desire towards avoiding health challenges and the belief in the specified health action that will prevent or address or prevent illness (Tarkang and Zotor 2015). The course of action of an individual often is dependable on the perception of a person regarding their benefits as well as very as related to the overall health trait. The 6 constructs of the health belief model include the following.

Perceived susceptibility referring to the subjective perception of an individual regarding released towards acquiring a disease.

Perceived severity referring to the ceiling of a person regarding the seriousness of contracting of disease and illness. Variations in the ceiling of a person regarding severity and consideration of medical consequences as well as social consequences while evaluating severity (Sheppard and Thomas 2021).

Perceived benefits- This refers to the perception of a person that different actions available to reduce the threat of disease are effective. The way in which a person takes action to prevent disease or sickness relies on the consideration and evaluation of both perceived sensitivity and perceived benefit so that if it is deemed beneficial it will accept the recommended health action (Jones et al. 2015).

Perceived barriers referring to the killing of a person on the obstacles towards performing recommended health action.

Cue to action is the overall stimulus that is required to trigger the overall decision-making procedure towards accepting a recommended health related activity. These cues are internal as well as external.

Self-efficacy refers to the level of confidence of an individual within his or her ability to a successful performance of behaviour. This construct was further more added to the model in the mid-1980. Self-efficacy can be defined as the constructor in diverse behavioural theories while it directly relates to the performance of a person to the desired behaviour (Shahnazi et al., 2020).

The overall health belief model is henceforth one of the most widely accepted and used conceptual frameworks towards the understanding of human health behaviour. The entire model is dependent on the understanding of a person's health related action. The main purpose of the health belief model is to develop the framework for motivating individuals to take positive actions related to health which utilizes the desire towards avoiding negative health consequences as the primary motivation (Kamran et al. 2014). The health belief model is henceforth an effective framework towards the uses of developing health educational interventions and strategies.

Application of Model to Practice:

The Health Belief Model explains and predicts health-related behaviour specifically as regards to the adoption of health services. This model has been used to develop significant interventions to change health-related behaviours by targeting diverse aspects of the key constructs of the model (Saghafi-Asl et al. 2020). Interventions dependable on the health belief model target to increase perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness of any health condition. The model ensures this process by the provision of awareness and education about the incidence of disease estimates related to risk as well as data about the disease consequences (Didarloo, Nabilou and Khalkhali 2017). However, from the perspective of the application of the model in practice, there have been some potential challenges towards the process of application as reported by the nurses on the health professionals (Skinner et al. 2015). This includes the limitations of the model in the application procedure.

Regarding the implementation process, the health belief model does not account for the economic order the environmental factors which might prohibit or promote the recommended intervention (Trent, Salmon and MacIntyre 2020). The health belief model assumes that each and everyone in this world has access to an equal amount of data related to disease and illness (Rahmati-Najarkolaei et al. 2016).

Challenges Of Application In Nursing Practices

Nursing and health professionals reported that implementing HBM interventions causes serious challenges since the model assumes that fuse towards actions of an individual is widely prevalent for encouraging people towards acting and the overall actions related to hell and the targeted main goals within the decision-making procedure (Dodel and Mesch 2017). Another major criticism from the healthcare professionals regarding the implementation of the health belief model is its approach of reductionistic which leaves out social, environmental as well as emotional influences like cultural barriers. The health belief model is considered as the National exchange model which does not consider the behaviour which is performed for reasons which are non-health-related like social acceptability (Almadi and Alghamdi 2019). Implementing HBM in the nursing practices is challenging since the model-based interventions are effective only for the theory-based case studies. The nurses are not benefitted for awareness and any patient education by implementation of this model in case of sensitive health issues like UTIs (Zeigheimat et al. 2016).

References

Almadi, M.A. and Alghamdi, F., 2019. The gap between knowledge and undergoing colorectal cancer screening using the Health Belief Model: A national survey. Saudi journal of gastroenterology: official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association, 25(1), p.27.

Caya, T., Knobloch, M.J., Musuuza, J., Wilhelmson, E. and Safdar, N., 2019. Patient perceptions of chlorhexidine bathing: A pilot study using the health belief model. American journal of infection control, 47(1), pp.18-22.

Didarloo, A., Nabilou, B. and Khalkhali, H.R., 2017. Psychosocial predictors of breast self-examination behavior among female students: an application of the health belief model using logistic regression. BMC public health, 17(1), pp.1-8.

Dodel, M. and Mesch, G., 2017. Cyber-victimization preventive behavior: A health belief model approach. Computers in Human behavior, 68, pp.359-367.

Green, E.C., Murphy, E.M. and Gryboski, K., 2020. The Health Belief Model. The Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology, pp.211-214.

Heid, C., Knobloch, M.J., Schulz, L.T. and Safdar, N., 2016. Use of the health belief model to study patient perceptions of antimicrobial stewardship in the acute care setting. Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 37(5), p.576.

Jeihooni, A.K., Jamshidi, H., Kashfi, S.M., Avand, A. and Khiyali, Z., 2017. The effect of health education program based on health belief model on oral health behaviors in pregnant women of Fasa city, Fars province, south of Iran. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry, 7(6), p.336.

Jones, C.L., Jensen, J.D., Scherr, C.L., Brown, N.R., Christy, K. and Weaver, J., 2015. The health belief model as an explanatory framework in communication research: exploring parallel, serial, and moderated mediation. Health communication, 30(6), pp.566-576.

Jones, C.L., Jensen, J.D., Scherr, C.L., Brown, N.R., Christy, K. and Weaver, J., 2015. The health belief model as an explanatory framework in communication research: exploring parallel, serial, and moderated mediation. Health communication, 30(6), pp.566-576.

Jose, R., Narendran, M., Bindu, A., Beevi, N., Manju, L. and Benny, P.V., 2021. Public perception and preparedness for the pandemic COVID 19: a health belief model approach. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 9, pp.41-46.

Kamran, A., Ahari, S.S., Biria, M., Malpour, A. and Heydari, H., 2014. Determinants of patient’s adherence to hypertension medications: application of health belief model among rural patients. Annals of medical and health sciences research, 4(6), pp.922-927.

Rahmati-Najarkolaei, F., Rahnama, P., Fesharaki, M.G. and Behnood, V., 2016. Predictors of oral health behaviors in female students: an application of the health belief model. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 18(11).

Saghafi-Asl, M., Aliasgharzadeh, S. and Asghari-Jafarabadi, M., 2020. Factors influencing weight management behavior among college students: An application of the Health Belief Model. PloS one, 15(2), p.e0228058.

Shahnazi, H., Ahmadi-Livani, M., Pahlavanzadeh, B., Rajabi, A., Hamrah, M.S. and Charkazi, A., 2020. Assessing preventive health behaviors from COVID-19: a cross sectional study with health belief model in Golestan Province, Northern of Iran. Infectious diseases of poverty, 9(1), pp.1-9.

Sheppard, J. and Thomas, C.B., 2021. Community pharmacists and communication in the time of COVID-19: applying the health belief model. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17(1), pp.1984-1987.

Skinner, C.S., Tiro, J. and Champion, V.L., 2015. Background on the health belief model. Health behavior: Theory, research, and practice, 75, pp.1-34.

Tarkang, E.E. and Zotor, F.B., 2015. Application of the health belief model (HBM) in HIV prevention: A literature review. Central African Journal of Public Health, 1(1), pp.1-8.

Trent, M.J., Salmon, D.A. and MacIntyre, C.R., 2020. Using the health belief model to identify barriers to seasonal influenza vaccination among Australian adults in 2019. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses.

Zeigheimat, F., Ebadi, A., Rahmati-Najarkolaei, F. and Ghadamgahi, F., 2016. An investigation into the effect of health belief model-based education on healthcare behaviors of nursing staff in controlling nosocomial infections. Journal of education and health promotion, 5.

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