ACFI3005 Auditing and Assurance

  • Subject Code :  

    ACFI3005

  • Country :  

    AU

  • University :  

    The University of Newcastle

Answers:

Part-1

Information about the client

Retech Technology Co., Limited, was formed as a limited liability company in Hong Kong on 10 May 2016. Room 1405A, 14/F, Lucky Centre, 165-171 Wanchai Road, Wanchai, Hong Kong is the registered office and principal office of the company. After 26 June 2017, the company's shares have been trading on the Australia securities exchange ("ASX"). Retech Technology Co., Limited offers technology solutions for big businesses, governments and social organizations, and suppliers of training e-learning sites and e-courses to provide them with online material for their training offline across various networks, including internet and telephone. The Corporation is the company's immediate and final holding company, Retech Investment Group Co., Ltd, a limited liability company established on the British Virgin Islands. The Company and its subsidiaries (the Group) are mainly responsible for providing technology solutions to corporate clients and training providers, and for establishing e-learning and e-course portals to enable them to offer their online content for offline training. The activities of the Group are conducted in China's People's Republic ("PRC"). In Note 22 of the consolidated financial statements, the major operations of the subsidiaries are disclosed. The GRP Group began business in 2007 until the restructuring and the establishment of the Retech Group. Since 2013, the year-on-year increase in sales of Retech (prior to the Restructure) has been one of the biggest providers of e-learning platforms for online training systems. It offers an advanced learning management approach and accompanying support equipment, the unique value proposition of Retech. The following factors make Retech competitive: domestic presence and reputation, personalized content, multi-platform distribution capacity, specialist digitization, and focusing on improving its current e-learning platforms. Renminbi ("RMB"), the principal economic climate currency in which the enterprise and its subsidiaries operate consolidated financial statements (the functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries).

Industry, regulatory and other external factor

On 10 May 2016, the limited liability company Retech Technology Co., Limited, was established in Hong Kong. The registered office and head office of the firm are Room 1405A, 14/F, Lucky Centre, 165-171 Wanchai Road, Wanchai, Hong Kong. On the Australia Stock Exchange after 26 June 2017, the firm traded its shares ("ASX"). Retech Technology Co., Limited provides technology platforms for large companies, governments and charitable organisations, as well as providers of e-learning sites and e-courses to provide them with offline educational training content via multiple Internet and mobile communications networks.

Nature of the entity

Retech Technology, Limited offers technology solutions for large enterprises, governmental and social institutions and education providers and develops electronic learning platforms and electronic training software to distribute their online training content through multiple networks, including the internet mobile (Lennox and Wu, 2018).

Accounting policy

The financial statements are composed of Hong Kong financial reporting standards, Hong Kong financial reporting standards and interpretations issued by the Hong Kong Institutes of Certified Public Country Accountants (HKICPA) and the accounting principles generally accepted in Hong Kong, and are complied with in accordance with these consolidated financial statements. These combined accounts also meet the Hong Kong Companies Ordinance (the "HKCO") applicable criteria. Below are a summary of the important accounting policies used in preparing such combined financial statements (Sultana, Singh and Zahn, 2015). In note 3, the implementation of new or modified HKFRSs and their impact on the group's financial statements, where applicable. The consolidated financial statements, excluding the derivative financial instruments which are set out at equal prices, have been prepared on a historic cost basis. The consolidated financial accounts for the period is presented as the continuation of existing companies using an interest pooling procedure in the course of the group restructuring carried out in 2016 (the Group Restructuring), with some transfers of controlling interest only including the incorporation of new holding firms and no change to economic substances. The following are additional documents concerning formal financial accounts to be disclosed in compliance with Section 436 of the HKCO: In accordance with Article 662(3) and Part 3 of Schedule 6 to, the HKCO shall submit statutory financial statements for the year to the registrar of the Hong Kong companies. The combined financial statements include the Company's and its subsidiaries' financial statements made last year until 31 December. Subsidiary companies are group-driven organizations (Klychova, 2017). The Group dominates an organization whether the Group is subjected to or entitled to varying profits from the company's presence and is willing, by its authority over the entity, to effect those returns. When deciding whether the Group has authority over the individual, only tangible rights about the entity (held by the Group and others) are taken into account. The Group contains in the combined financial statements the revenue and costs of a subsidiary from the date of the gain of ownership up to the date of its termination (Pizzini, Lin and Ziegenfuss, 2015).

Related parties and transactions with related parties

Amounts owed to the relevant parties, including a non-controlling shareholder in subsidies and related firms, convertible bill, and derivatives, form part of the financial obligations of the Group. When the group becomes a party to the statutory terms of the instrument, financial obligations shall be accepted (Mehmonov, 2019). In compliance with the Group's borrowing costs accounting scheme, all interest-related payments are recognized. If the debt contract is disbursed or cancelled or expired, financial liability is rejected. Where the current financial responsibility shall be substituted or significantly changed by another from the same issuer, such exchange or alteration shall be deemed to constitute a derecognition of the original liability and the acceptance of the new liability, and the discrepancy shall be recognized in benefit or loss in the respective carrying sum. The original market value of trading and other payables and associated parties is calculated at amortized valuation and then, by the effective interest process, is recognized. The Group's compound financial instruments consist of a convertible note which, at the discretion of an investor, may be exchanged into equity stock, with the amount of shares which are to be issued varying with increases in the Company's share price (Cahan and Sun, 2015). The instruments comprising embedded derivatives and host debt contracts are considered hybrid. The embedded derivatives of the convertible bond would be considered as derivatives and evaluated at only value when initially recognized (Hay and Cordery, 2018). Any excess revenue above the original sum recognized as a derivative variable is accepted by the contract as liability. The derivative component is then transferred to fair value and fair value adjustments are accepted for either benefit or loss. Contractual responsibility shall then be borne by amortized costs measured using the efficient interest approach before the conversion or maturity has been terminated. Where converted to the convertible bond, the carrying sum of the debt is assigned to equity capital as a consideration of the securities issued under the contract along with the fair value of the applicable derivative part at the time of convertibility.

Part-2

Changes in accounting policies and the impact of changes

In accordance with the fulfillment stage of the business operation at the end of the reporting period, the group recognizes contract income on service rendering where the results of a contract can be accurately measured (Liburd and Vasarhelyi, 2015). The completion stage is determined by the proportion of contract costs incurred for the work carried out so far to the overall average contract cost incurred in connection with the transaction. Significant assumptions and judgments are needed to determine the overall contract expense and/or execution point, such as the estimated hours of workers. The forecasts are founded on previous managerial experience and know-how. In accordance with the phasing-out phase of the business operation at the end of the reporting period, the Group recognizes contract income for services until the results of the contract can be accurately measured (Goodwin and Wu, 2016). The completion stage shall be determined by referring to the proportion of contract costs for work carried out until now to the gross average contract costs accrued for the transaction. Important hypotheses and judgments, such as the estimated personnel time, are used to determine the overall contract costs and/or execution phases. The Group calculates impairment damages on poor and questionable debts due to consumers' failure to pay. It is based on the ageing, creditworthiness of debtors and previous write-off history, as well as the forecasts (Stephenson, 2015). The real costs of damage would be greater than expected, if the financial conditions of the consumers were to improve. The Group calculates impairment damages on poor and questionable debts due to consumers' failure to pay. It is based on the ageing, creditworthiness of debtors and previous write-off history, as well as the forecasts. The real costs of damage would be greater than expected, if the financial conditions of the consumers were to improve. Following are the principal predictions on the future and other primary sources of insecurity assessment at the end of the monitoring period. When the combined financial statements were compiled, the Group based its conclusions and forecasts on available criteria.  However, current conditions and expectations about the future can change as a result of changes in the economy or circumstances that are outside the Group's influence. The assumptions represent those shifts as they take place.

Preliminary analytical procedures

A liquidity ratio is a sort of financial ratio which explains how a company can make short-term debt payments (Chambers and Odar, 2015). The calculation is intended to determine whether a company uses its reserves or liquid assets to fund its current liabilities. Investors and borrowers must decide whether and to what extent a company finances its short-term bonds. The company's efficiency ratio Efficiency ratios measure an organization's ability to exploit its assets effectively and manage its liabilities in the current or short term (Nikolaenko, 2015). The solvency ratio measures the probability of claims which an insurer faces that it cannot bear. The written premium rate is higher than the overall insured amount because the premium level is connected with the risk of the lawsuits. The solvency factor is calculated in various countries using different methodologies and different criteria.

Measurement and review of financial performance

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements exclude intra-company sales, balances and unrealized profits and losses in transactions between group enterprises. When unrealized gains on intrinsic asset transactions are reversed on consolidation, the asset underlying the group's viewpoint is also checked for impairment (CordoÅŸ and Fülöp, 2015). Where required to ensure compliance with the group's accounting practices, amounts listed in the financial statements of subsidiaries were updated. Non-controlling interests reflect equity in subsidiary assets that are not directly or indirectly attributable to the Company, and on which no substantive terms have been negotiated by the Group with the owners of such rights, resulting in a contractual commitment on the part of the Group as a whole with regard to those interests that satisfy the concept of financial responsibility (Zhang, 2018). The Group may choose to quantify each non-controlling interest at a reasonable valuation or by its proportionate share of net identifiable assets of the subsidiary of each business mix. Non-controlling interest is presented separately from the shares belonging to the company's shareholders in the consolidated declaration of the financial status within equity. Faced with the combined statement of profit and loss and other complete revenue, non-controlling interests in the Group's performance are viewed as an allocation between the non-controlling interests and the Company's shareholders of gross profit and loss and total detailed revenue for each year. The benefit or loss on sale is measured as the difference when the Group loses hold of the subsidiary between the total fair value of the consideration gained as well as the fair value of any retained interest, and (ii) the prior carrying value of its properties (including goodwill) and its liabilities and any non-controlling interest. The subsidiary is held at a rate less any damage loss in the financial condition of the Company. Cost also covers direct spending charges. The Company accounts for the earnings of subsidiaries on the basis of dividends earned and due on the reporting date. Both dividends obtained from the pre- and post-acquisition earnings of the investor are recognized in profit or loss of the company. Initially, intangible assets acquired are recognized at expense. Intangible assets with limited usable lives are carried at less accumulated expense and less accumulated loss of depreciation after initial acknowledgment. Intangible assets with endless useful lives are cushioned over their projected useful lives on a straight line basis. Amortization starts with the availability of intangible properties. The cost of equipment less its residual value is calculated using the straight line equation to depreciate the expected useful life at the following amounts each year: Office appliances and computer: three years, the benefit or loss resulting from retirement or disposition shall be measured according to the disparity in profit or loss between the purchase proceeds and the asset's carrying value. Subsequent costs shall be contained in or recognized as an asset, where applicable, only where additional economic benefits associated with the item are likely to contribute to the Group and the item's costs may be accurately assessed.

Objectives, strategies and related business risks

Retech began the ASX trade with RM Corporate Finance and Investor link Group's initial public offer ("IPO"). Retech earned CHESS Depositary Interest ("CDIs"), for a total of AD$17.9 million, at AD$0.50 per CDI, by 35.8 million. The capital increase was backed by many leading institutional and high net investors worldwide including the Asian corporation, Vickers Investment Partners and the Hailiang Group, Chinese conglomerate. The operating firm and wholly owned subsidiary of Retech, Shanghai Retech Digital Technology Co., Ltd. subscribed to 62.5% of the interests of the company in Shanghai, Ruipengcheng Technology Co., Ltd. ('Ruipengheng'). Ruipengcheng is a vehicle for the creation of e-course equipment for vocational schools and educational institutions. Huarong Investment Stock Limited's wholly-owned company, the City Savvy Limited, became a major shareholder in Retech and has the 12.00% stake in the issued capital of Retech and a capacity to obtain a cumulative holding of 20.89% (18.16% entirely diluted) of all Retech CDIs, subject to the reversal of a full shareholding period. All Retech CDIs are totally diluted.  The acquisition of approximately 5.89% of the CDIs in the Retech sector by Miaos Shi Investment Group Limited, an unrelated entities of Retech (Off-Market Acquisition), the subscription of about 6.95% of the new CDIs ("CDI Acquisition") by Miao Shi Investment Group Limited ("Off-Market Acquisition"); and the Huarong issue of a Conve. Part 3, It is expected that the deal will give Retech with Huarong commercial possibilities. The consolidated financial statements for the period were presented, during the group restructuring process, as a continuation of the existing companies by the methods of pooling interest, as if through any transfers of regulated interests, only involving the insertion of new holding companies and not causing changes of economical substances. Present income tax and/or liabilities include the liabilities or liabilities of the tax authority for the current or previous reporting period not paid on the reporting date. It is measured on the basis of the gross benefit for the year in accordance with the rates of tax and tax legislation applied to their fiscal periods. Any adjustments in existing tax assets or liabilities shall be regarded as part of the benefit or loss tax charge. Deferred tax is measured on a time differentiation basis at the filing period between the bearing sums of the combined financial statements and their corresponding tax bases using the liability form. Deferred tax for any temporary tax discrepancies, deferred tax obligations are commonly recognized. Delayed tax reserves are acknowledged with any temporary deductible discrepancies, deficits of tax that could be taken on or any unused tax credits, to the degree that the deductible temporary differences, unused tax credits and unused tax credits will be eligible for taxable benefit, including current immediate, taxable differences. Deferred tax assets and liabilities shall not be recognized where, in a deal that affects no taxable benefit or loss, a temporary difference results from an initial acknowledgment of the assets and liabilities. During the accounting period in which the services are delivered, the sales of services are reported. If the result of a service delivery contract can be accurately determined, the transaction-related income is recognized by reference to the transaction's closure point by the end of the reporting period. The point at which a contract is concluded can be measured by the proportion of costs accrued to date to the gross expected transaction costs. The expenses accrued to date include only the costs reflecting services rendered until now.

Reference

Brown-Liburd, H. and Vasarhelyi, M.A., 2015. Big Data and audit evidence. Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting, 12(1), pp.1-16.

Cahan, S.F. and Sun, J., 2015. The effect of audit experience on audit fees and audit quality. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 30(1), pp.78-100.

Chambers, A.D. and Odar, M., 2015. A new vision for internal audit. Managerial Auditing Journal.

CordoÅŸ, G.S. and Fülöp, M.T., 2015. Understanding audit reporting changes: introduction of Key Audit Matters. Accounting & Management Information Systems/Contabilitate si Informatica de Gestiune, 14(1).

Goodwin, J. and Wu, D., 2016. What is the relationship between audit partner busyness and audit quality?. Contemporary Accounting Research, 33(1), pp.341-377.

Hay, D. and Cordery, C., 2018. The value of public sector audit: Literature and history. Journal of Accounting Literature, 40, pp.1-15.

Klychova, G.S., Ziganshin, B.G., Zakirova, A.R., Valieva, G.R. and Klychova, A.S., 2017. Benchmarking as an efficient tool of social audit development. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 12(19), p.4958.

Lennox, C.S. and Wu, X., 2018. A review of the archival literature on audit partners. Accounting Horizons, 32(2), pp.1-35.

Mehmonov, S., 2019. . International Finance and Accounting, 2018(1), p.18.

Nikolaenko, A.V., 2015. Problem Aspects of Ecological Audit. In 

Pizzini, M., Lin, S. and Ziegenfuss, D.E., 2015. The impact of internal audit function quality and contribution on audit delay. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 34(1), pp.25-58.

Stephenson, P., 2015. Reconciling audit and evaluation. Eur. J. Risk Reg., 6, p.79.

Sultana, N., Singh, H. and Van der Zahn, J.L.M., 2015. Audit committee characteristics and audit report lag. International Journal of Auditing, 19(2), pp.72-87.

Zhang, J.H., 2018. Accounting comparability, audit effort, and audit outcomes. Contemporary Accounting Research, 35(1), pp.245-276.

Do you think, “I wish a professional could write my assignment for me?” whenever deadlines come knocking on your door? Then we’ve got the best news for you! At Myassignmenthelp.co.uk, you can avail yourself of the best finance assignment help in the UK. But that’s not all! You can also explore top-notch accounting assignment help without worrying about burning a hole in your pocket.

Our affordable services have become the top choice for students looking for reliable coursework help at a moment's notice. Moreover, our experts are always available to answer your queries. So, feel free to send us your questions, and you're guaranteed high-quality homework help services 24/7.

Why Student Prefer Us ?
Top quality papers

We do not compromise when it comes to maintaining high quality that our customers expect from us. Our quality assurance team keeps an eye on this matter.

100% affordable

We are the only company which offers qualitative and custom assignment writing services at low prices. Our charges will not burn your pocket.

Timely delivery

We never delay to deliver the assignments. We are very particular about this. We assure that you will receive your paper on the promised date.

Round the clock support

We assure 24/7 live support. Our customer care executives remain always online. You can call us anytime. We will resolve your issues as early as possible.

Privacy guaranteed

We assure 100% confidentiality of all your personal details. We will not share your information. You can visit our privacy policy page for more details.

Upload your Assignment and improve Your Grade

Boost Grades