PHYS1210 Advanced Physics

Question 1

Telescope

The telescope is an optical device using a combination of mirrors and lenses to magnify distant images. it is a research tool used in astronomy. The telescope collects and analyzes radiation from distant images. Refractive telescopes are commonly used telescopes because of their magnifying power. A Refractive telescope has an objective lens where light passes through, focus where dispersing light rays converge, and eyepiece lenses that magnify the image.

Ultrasound machine

Medical ultrasound is an imaging machine that creates images of internal body organs such as muscle, joints, or blood vessels. Ultrasound is sound waves with higher frequencies of about 20,000HZ. The medical ultrasound produce sonogram images by sending pulses of ultrasound into the human tissues using a probe. The echo produces under varying reflection properties are recorded in form of images.

Steam boiler

The boiler is an enclosed industrial device where fluid is subjected to high temperatures. The boiler size and type depend on its purpose. Steam boilers are used in industrial sectors where hot liquids and steam are required. They are used for generating electricity in large industrial plants.

Question 2

 The aspect of heat transfer.

Heat transfer is an aspect that displays the change of energy and entropy from one place or element to another. The heat can be transferred through the following mechanism; radiation, convection, and conduction. Conduction is the entropy or heat transfer from one molecule to another. The convention is the transfer of heat from hot fluid to the surface while radiation is the movement of heat informs electromagnetic radiation emitted from the heated surface.

The following are the formulas applied when calculating heat transfer through different mechanisms.

Convention

Q = MCDT

Radiation (heat transfer rate through emission or absorption of electromagnetic waves)

Q /t = αeDT⁴A

Conduction

Q = kA ( T_Hot- T_Cold)t]/d

light property.

Light is a property of electromagnetic radiation that possesses wave properties. Based on wavelength, the electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into many bands. Monochromatic light represents one wavelength. The presence of multiple wavelengths produces light while the absence of wavelength causes darkness.

Light properties can be calculated using the following formulas.

E= hv= Hc/λ.

Refractive index =n = C/C_m

Sound property.

Sound is a mechanical wave that moves through media such as fluid and solids. Sound waves are categorized into longitudinal or transverse waves. The propagation of sound waves is affected by medium density and pressure, motion, and viscosity of the medium. Frequency is sound repeating occurrences per unit time. The following equations are used in calculating sound variables.

Velocity (C)

C =  

wavelength

λ =

Question 3

Heat transfer in industrial boilers.

Steam boilers work under heat transfer principles. Fuel burnt in the furnace produces hot gases which comes into the contact with the vessel of water. The amount of energy needed is transferred from the hot fluid by radiation, convection, and conductions. The hot fluid is transported through a shell drum with water.  

Property of light in the refractive telescope.

A Refractive telescope collects light using lenses and uses mirrors to focus the light. After the light has been focused, light properties such as wavelength can be measured using detectors. The brightness of the image is determined by using a wide range of wavelengths.

Property of sound in a medical ultrasound machine

The medical ultrasound machine produces sound waves using a piezoelectric transducer. The produced sound is focused on the transducer's shape, lens, and controlled set of pulses producing sound waves. The returned sound wave vibrates converting into electric pulses that move to the ultrasonic scanner where they are changed into digital images displayed on the screen.

Question 4

A weather station observed that the ocean waves had a vertical distance of 46ocmand a horizontal distance of 860cm between crest. The waves splash at an interval of 6.2 seconds. Calculate the speed and frequency

Frequency = 1/t

=1/6.2

= 0.161HZ

Speed = fλ

= 0.161×8.6m

= 1.4m/s

References

Brattain, L.J., Telfer, B.A., Dhyani, M., Grajo, J.R. and Samir, A.E., 2018. Machine learning for medical ultrasound: status, methods, and future opportunities. Abdominal radiology, 43(4), pp.786-799.

Cochard, F., 2021. Optical Principles of a Spectroscope. In Successfully Starting in Astronomical Spectroscopy (pp. 67-102). EDP Sciences.

Liu, S., Wang, Y., Yang, X., Lei, B., Liu, L., Li, S.X., Ni, D. and Wang, T., 2019. Deep learning in medical ultrasound analysis: a review. Engineering, 5(2), pp.261-275.

King, H.C., 2003. The history of the telescope. Courier Corporation.

Wang, Z., Jingjing, Q., Wang, X., Zhang, Z., Chen, Y., Huang, X. and Huang, W., 2018. Two-dimensional light-emitting materials: preparation, properties and applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 47(16), pp.6128-6174.

Max, C.E., Adaptive Optics: An Introduction.

Zhao, H., Gan, C., Ma, W.C. and Torralba, A., 2019. The sound of motions. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (pp. 1735-1744).

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