TM355 Communications Technology

Question 1

In planning for three main uses were envisaged. Give this cases and state a critical requirement for each.

The critical requirements for this uses case is high throughput, extended geographical range and enhanced spectral efficiency.

Critical requirement is to accommodate potentially a huge number of IoT connections through the internet.

The critical requirement is reliability and low latency for connections that require real time communication.

Question 2

Theoretical data rate that can be achieved with minimum resource allocation if 64 QAM is used assuming a standard cyclic prefix.

1 element= 1 OFDM symbol, minimum resource allocation=12 resource blocks, Duration of minimum resource allocation=  1ms

Number of elements in a resource block:12 X 7=84 elements

In 64 QAM each symbol carries 6 bits, hence with 84 elements, total data=  84 X 6 =504 bits

Total data delivered with minimum resources =:12 X 504 = 6048 bits

Data rate:  Total Data Delivered / duration = 6048/ 1 X 10^-3 =6.048 Mbt/s

Question 3

This is a type of encryption where the encryption algorithm uses different keys for encryption and decryption of data. The key that is used for encryption is not required to be kept as a secret as it is different from the one that will be used for decryption. Very long key lengths are mostly used.

Symmetric

The encryption algorithm uses similar pre-shared key for both encryption and decryption of data. This key should be kept as a secret and therefore it is also known as secret key. The sender and receiver are required to know the secret key and keep is as a secret between them in order to ensure for the security of the data.

Two different keys are used for encryption and decryption which ensure that they do not have to be pre-shared by the sender and receiver. A common Key is easier to crack than two.

Question 5

Routing and Switching in the context of IPV4

Routing is the forwarding of data packets from source to destination across multiple networks.  This process occurs in devices called routers which interconnect different networks where hosts are connected. The forwarding of data is based on a unique source/destination IP address which is allocated to a host in a particular network for communication. Routing takes place at the layer 3 of the OSI model which is known as network layer.

Switching on the other hand is the forwarding of data units between a source host and a destination host within the same local network. The data units are known as data frames. Since the source and destination belong to the same local network, mac addresses are used to identify them while forwarding data. Switching occurs at layer 2 of the OSI model known as the data link layer. This layer provides reliable point to point connection between hosts.

Question 6 

How Hash Function can be Used to Check Integrity.

A hash function is a one way mathematical function that is applied on the message by a sender in order to generate a hash that is used to check the integrity of the message after it is received by a receiver. A hash is number that is a characteristic of the message which means it is unique and any small change to the message generates a different hash. It is also known as message digest. The hash generated by the sender is sent together with the message to the receiver. The receiver applies the same hash function on the message it receives to generate another message digest. This message digest is then compared to the received message digest. If they match, then the integrity of the message is assured as it means that no interference of the message occurred in the transmission media. If they do not match, then the message was tampered with in transit.

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