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COMM102
SG
Singapore Management University
Bandwidth can be described as the capacity of a given network, this is in terms of transmission in bits per second. It is a common term in both digital and analog data. Analog bandwidth is specifically within the analog data transfer spectrum, in this case, data is majorly transmitted in form of continuous form. Bandwidth in analog data transfer cases is usually limited as a result of many factors such as noise and distortions (Ciceri, et.al 2018).
Digital data transmission, on the other hand, makes use of digital bandwidth which is significantly higher than analog bandwidth owed to the fact that it has lower error rates unlike analog signals and network transmissions. The disparities in bandwidth sizes in digital and analogue data transfer is a significant determining factor as to why digital data transfer is preferred in most cases. This is however subject to the respective needs by the respective network, in cases where analogue data transfer must be used, noise and distortion reduction approaches must be deployed to curtail the effect of their respective interference. This may not raise the bandwidth levels of analogue signals but sure minimizes the data losses and the general inefficiencies in data transmission in this perspective.
Physical transmission media are transmission channels used in communications, they are mainly cables (Reviriego, et.al 2017). The transmission mediums are characterized by several attributes depending on the type of the cables. The major attributes of the physical transmission mediums include;
The two are the major attributes of physical transmission media in data communication, these two attributes are greatly determined by collision rate and ability to minimize noise and collision while in use. This gives one type of transmission media an edge over the other for use in given data communication. In most cases, the mediums with less collision and noise are used to enhance the transmission speed and capacity.
Passenger planes usually cruise at an average altitude of about 36000 feet above the ground, about 3280.84 feet make a kilometer hence the more appropriate satellite for the network in passenger planes would be MEO which has a good altitude coverage of about 3.2808e+7 with an average speed in coverage.
Ethernet was first invented in Palo Alto Research Center by Bob Metcalfe in 1973 for data communication in high-speed lasers. This was followed by the improvements in the Aloha network, this development addressed the issue of collisions deploying carrier sense. This was the birth of Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collisions Detection (CSMA/CD).
The original 10 Mbps ethernet first come into the limelight being published by DEC intel Xerox in 1980, this formed the first ethernet standard as DIX Ethernet standard, the standard mainly comprised of specifications for operation and those of single medium system as found on the coaxial cable. This was later reviewed to add minor improvements hence the DIX V2.0. At this time, a new venture by the IEEE standardized the DIX v1 under the LAN/ MAN standards as identified in the IEEE 802. This was first published by IEEE in 1985 as IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD with access and physical layer specifics. This is the official standard for ethernet cables.
IEEE 802.3 standard was approved in 1983 as a thick Ethernet base 5 using 10 Mbps and coaxial cable, this was followed by the 100 Mbps commonly referred to as fast Ethernet, this improvement debuted in 1985 introducing the auto-negotiation attribute. This was improved in 2002 under the 10 Gbps ethernet in fiber and the twinaxial cables (Shi, et.al 2021). Currently, ethernet has been developed into the fastest 40 GbE due to its throughput by the increase in capacity in a solitary lane. This was a sure breakthrough in 2016.
The topology can be defined as a diagram that can be used in show casing the general structure of any given network. Topologies are used show the location of all the network components. This makes it easier for the engineers to be able to implement the network. Lans are used in connecting the network devices together to enhance communication.
The thickwire in 10BASES5, thin coax in 10BASE-2, unshielded twisted pair in 10BASE-T, and the 10BASE-FL in Fiber-Optic. Each of these evolutions in ethernet media represents a significant change in the ethernet capability as discussed in the invention of the ethernet from the 70s to the present. Thickwire for instance came in 1973 along with the Xerox PARC invention as followed by the coax cables in the mid-80s(Porter, 2018).
The ease of use and hardware complexities have also significantly been improved. Currently, ethernet cables can easily be clipped to fit into hardware components such as routers. This is through the availability of tools (cripping tool, RJ45) and the necessary hardware materials hence significantly reduced the complexity as compared to the Metcalfe inventions in the 70s.
Wired communication is essentially facilitated by the use of wired mediums of transmissions such as cables whereas wireless does not use connection cables. Wireless communications are characterized by impediments such as collisions, the collisions reduce the data rate and the overall transmission rate.
Wireless communications on the other hand have impediments such as interference from other signals such as SNR and obstacles. As such, the impediments in wireless communication can easily be averted, unlike wired communications.
| Wired communication | Wireless communication |
| Internal impediments (collisions) | External impediments (interference) |
|
| Environmental obstacles in radio signals |
|
| Signal sharing |
|
|
|
As evident, wireless communication has more impediments compared to wireless communications.
Answer 6
The Bluetooth profile can be described as the specification concerning a given aspect of Bluetooth-founded wireless communication in-between devices. The profile resides on the Bluetooth core (Tekler, et.al 2020). There are numerous profiles in Bluetooth including;
The Attribute profile is also known as the ATT profile, the ATT profile describes the streaming of audio materials from one device to another in a Bluetooth-driven network. This is responsible for simple short-range communication in sharing audio files.
The AVARCP profile is designed to be a standard interface that facilitates control of TVs, Hi-Fi, and other wireless equipment, especially in homes.
The imaging profile is responsible for handling images as contents of the Bluetooth communication.
The ISDN profile is responsible for unrestricted access to network services, signaling, and the involved data.
Cordless Telephony Profile is designed for cordless phones hoped in the Bluetooth CTP gateway in landline phones
The device ID profile is specifically used to identify the Bluetooth device in a Bluetooth network connection.
Numerous such Bluetooth profiles are depending on the functionalities required in the respective Bluetooth network.
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