CHC40213 Certificate IV in Education Support

Philosophical approaches to behaviour

Humanism- An approach whose aim is to support students to control their own thinking so that they can understand what they are doing and why they are doing it, and can judge if it what they really want.

Assertive Discipline- A structured, systematic approach designed to assist educators in running an organized, teacher-in-charge classroom environment

Cognitive Behaviourism- An approach where learning is student centred and personalized, and the educator's role is that of a facilitator. Affective and cognitive needs are key, and the goal is to develop self-actualized students in a cooperative, supportive environment

Neo-Adlerian theory- An approach that aims to increase students’ sense of belonging and consequent appropriate behaviour by establishing democratic relationships within the classroom that are based on mutual respect, cooperation and encouragement.

Authoritarianism- This approach demands complete conformity to schedules and activities, controlling everything from when and how long students get to think about what, to when they can eat and go to the bathroom. The authority is entirely arbitrary.

Solution faced-approach- Behavioural problems assist when attempted solutions have not worked, therefore change is brought about by altering the way in which the behaviour is handled.

Maslow’s Hierarchy- A theory which puts forward that people are motivated by five basic categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization

Positive Behaviour for Learning (PBL)-  A comprehensive, integrated whole school approach to student wellbeing and behavior.

Choose four theorists from the list below, and research their theory. Summarise this theory in half a page. In total, this task will be a minimum of two pages. Ensure that you reference your work correctly.

• Arnold Gesell: He provided the Maturational Theory of Child Development which stated that each and every child grew and developed in their own rate and the rate is different in each child. Gesell’s theory, since its conception has been utilised to influence the upbringing of the child as well as has played a pivotal role in educating them. His theory of maturation mainly stated that the maturation of a child depends on both external and internal factors, however the more pressing influence in provided by internal factors which encompasses genetics. He also stated that the growth difference in various children is mainly dependent on their genetics. In philosophical terms, Gesell advocated the use of child-centric upbringing which largely depended on their genes. He urged the parents to be aware of their child’s genetic specialities and differences and accordingly guide them into being a better individual rather than trying to teach them, they are not suited to.
• Mildred Parten- She was an American sociologist who is famous for her research on “play attributes in a social sphere among children between 2-5 years. She observed the different ways the children played in different age groups and how they received the concept of play in each age group. Due to her keen observational skills, she could conclude that an activity such as play was varied in terms of complexity in each ascending age group. She also noted that even the interactions that occurred during play were hugely different among different age groups. On the basis of her observations, she categorized the stages of play in six spheres. These remained inclusive of Unoccupied, Onlooker, Solitary, Parallel, Associative and Cooperative play. Her findings explain that children upon progressing in age, progress in terms of their play as well becoming more complex with growth.
• Noam Chomsky- Chomsky proposed the theory of universal grammar which states that all humans are born with a comprehensive understanding of how language is to be worked. The basis of his theory is rooted in the idea that each one of the languages spoken today consists of similar foundational structures and rules (grammar) along with the fact that children all over the world get familiar with the language in a similar way; with minimal effort. He stated that this is indicative of the fact that the pretext of understanding the basics of language is pre-embedded in the human brain prior to birth. Chomsky’s theory is essential in teaching children various languages as teachers adopt more natural methods of learning.
• Urie Brofenbrenner-  Brofenbrenner devised the ecological systems theory which dictates that the development and growth of a child is highly affected by a complex system of relationships which consists of the environment around them and its entities such as immediate family, school, peers and the morals, values, laws as well as customs. He stated that all of these factors played a significant role in determining the development case of the child. He also suggested that in order to appropriately comprehend the development of a child, we are to look beyond the immediate environment surrounding the child and associate the interaction with the broader environment. Thus, in context of how each sphere of the environment affected the development of the child, he divided the environment into five sections according to its impact on the child. These are the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem.

• Disability Discrimination Act 1992
• Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) Act 1986
• Racial Discrimination Act 1975
• Racial Hatred Act 1995
• Sex Discrimination Act 1984.
  
  

They relate to behaviour as they are present to curb the inane context of discriminatory behavior of the masses. It is an established fact that acts such as bullying and discrimination is done by individuals who have either been through it or have witnessed such scenes in their environment. Thus, such legislations are present there to curb such mannerisms and to safeguard the rights of the citizens.

The purpose of school’s code of behaviour is to ensure that in a democratic environment as such as a school, the students be in their best behaviour and learn similar attributes so that they can be model citizens. It is also put in place so that the learning environment stays free of chaos and correct values and morals are taught to the future society makers.

Five reasons as to why inappropriate behavior can occur are:

• Psychological impact such as trauma or mental disturbance
• Unhealthy classroom dynamics with either the teacher of his peers
• Biophysical situation such as medical illness or disabilities
• Academic difficulties and
• Tensed home environment
  
  

Inappropriate behavior as such can have a significant amount of impact on the student’s learning pattern as it inhibits them from providing their complete attention to classroom activities. It makes grasping concepts of learning tough as their mind will already be preoccupied with numerous issues and tasks.

It is correct that inappropriate behaviour by children calls for appropriate consequences, however in this case, before passing on my judgement to Karl, I would ask as to what particular reason he had for running in the corridor at such a busy time. If he has a valid explanation than I will help him in attaining his goal for running so that he is safe. However if he does not have a valid reason and was running around just for fun, i would be gentle with him and explain the consequences of how he could hurt himself while running in such a crowded time and let off with a warning for the first time.

Strategies that I would use to assist students to monitor and review their own behaviour are:

• Self management- For instance, if a student is creating unwanted clutter and not cleaning it up, I would teach him as to how he is supposed to clear his own clutter and let him take action on the same.
• I would create a behaviour check chart where the students will award themselves with gold stars for good behaviour and allot oneself a black star upon recognizing his mistake. In the beginning, I would address as to what good and bad behaviour encompasses so that they can check themselves accordingly.
• I would use the book-nook approach so that the kids learn appropriate mannerisms through the medium of literature.
  
  

Four behaviours management practices that will support children’s behaviour in the classroom are:

• Encouraging the students to take initiative in establishing classroom guidelines
• Praising in public but critiquing in private
• Giving rewards to model students
• Having joint class discussion and celebrating small milestones in the form of class parties.
  
  

Intrinsic motivation is defined as the act of carrying out an activity for the sheer joy of it rather than doing it so as to expect rewards and praises. It entails carrying out the activity without external pressure and completing it just because it makes an individual happy.

Two factors that may promote intrinsic motivation are:

• Curiosity and
• Recognition of interests.
  
  

Two factors that may diminish intrinsic motivation are:

• Extrinsic Rewards and
• Pressure
  
  

Self-esteem is an important aspect that can have significant impact on the learning and behaviour of the student as low self-esteem has been known to diminish a student’s desire to explore and learn new aspects. It may also decrease his/her class participation and result in self-isolation which leads to reduced focus and unwillingness to take risks. However, positive self esteem has been aligned with success as the student will be more outspoken and unafraid of trying new things and venturing into new areas of education.

• Reinforcement
• Questioning
• Summarising
• Hand-gestures and
• Welcoming facial expressions
  
  

Bibliography

Bullying No Way, March 18, 2021. https://bullyingnoway.gov.au/.

Chomsky, Noam, Ángel J. Gallego, and Dennis Ott. "Generative grammar and the faculty of language: Insights, questions, and challenges." Catalan Journal of Linguistics (2019): 229-261.

Hertler, Steven C., Aurelio José Figueredo, Mateo Peñaherrera-Aguirre, and Heitor BF Fernandes. "Urie Bronfenbrenner: Toward an Evolutionary Ecological Systems Theory." In Life History Evolution, pp. 323-339. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2018.

Khan, Alamgir, Salahuddin Khan, Syed Zia-Ul-Islam, and Manzoor Khan. "Communication Skills of a Teacher and Its Role in the Development of the Students' Academic Success." Journal of Education and Practice 8, no. 1 (2017): 18-21.

Locke, Edwin A., and Kaspar Schattke. "Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: Time for expansion and clarification." Motivation Science 5, no. 4 (2019): 277.

Malak, Md. "Development of a Scale for Measuring Teachers' Attitudes toward Students' Inappropriate Behaviour." International Journal of Whole Schooling 13, no. 2 (2017): 1-20.

Newman, Barbara M., and Philip R. Newman. Theories of Adolescent Development. Academic Press, 2020.

Oliveira, Peg. "True Then, Truer Now." YC Young Children 73, no. 3 (2018): 87-89.

ÖzdoÄŸru, Asil Ali. "Cross-Cultural Psychology of Play and Early Childhood Education." In Early Childhood Development: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, pp. 1-19. IGI Global, 2019.

Saracho, Olivia N. "Literacy and language: new developments in research, theory, and practice." (2017): 299-304. 

Scheepmaker, Laura, Christopher Frauenberger, and Katta Spiel. "The Things We Play with Roles of Technology in Social Play." In Proceedings of the 2018 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play, pp. 451-462. 2018.

“Verbal Intervention: 7 Effective Strategies.” Crisis Prevention Institue. Accessed April 14, 2021. https://www.crisisprevention.com/Blog/7-Effective-Verbal-Intervention-Strategies

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