Answer 1

Statistics in Australia is about 30% of adults over 65 fallings at least once per year. This will increase with the ageing population with proportion of people aged 65 and up expected to rise from 14% in 2010 to 23% in 2050 (Clemson,et al.,2012).

Answer 2

Falls trigger a loss of confidence in an old person and lead to a constant fear of falling. Over time, this can increase the risk of falling (Smith, et al., 2017).

Answer 3

• The main factors are:
• Reduces muscle strength among old person
• Reduced walking patterns and visual damage (Xu, et al., 2018).
• Limitations in mobility and undertaking the activities of daily living. 
• Impact of falls on older people and their carers:
• Fractures are the most common serious injury resulting from falls in older person.
• Carers have to undertake all the daily living activities of an older people.
• They lose their confidence.
  
  

Answer 4

• Timed Get Up and Go Test (TGUAGT): a commonly used tests of gait and balance (Yamada, et al., 2017).
• By way of walking and running.
  
  

Answer 5

• Visual Impairments: Vision disease related to age can give rise to falls. Signs of visual impairments are- chronic eye redness, light sensitivity, and inability to see objects at distance (Sand, et al., 2013).
• Cardiovascular Disease: Cardiovascular disorders can contribute to falls in seniors due to unsteadiness in walking and balance disorders, or sudden loss of consciousness. Signs of cardiovascular disease are- fluttering in chest and racing heartbeat.
• Neuropathy: Sensory problems can also cause falls. It can also cause numbness, weakness, and tingling. Signs of neuropathy are- Sharp or burning pain, extreme sensitive to touch, or numbness.
  
  

Answer 6

Psychological and physical effects of falls on older people and their carers:

• Increased fear of falling again.
• Decreased self-efficacy among old people.
• Difficult to gain confidence in balance again (Bunn, et al., 2014).
• Serious fractures on different part of body mainly: the hip, femur, vertebrae (spin), and the humerus (upper arm bone).
  
  

Answer 7

• Three fall prevention strategies:
• Make an appointment with your doctor: Make appointment with your doctor and discuss about your medication and the side effects of it. May be because of medication the risk of falling will increases. Discuss the number of times you have fallen and the health condition which cause you a fall (Carande-Kulis, et al., 2015).
• Keep moving: Physical activities will help towards fall prevention. Discuss with your doctor and include different physical activities in your routine like- walking, workouts, or slow exercise which include dance movements. By enhancing balance, stability, coordination, and strength, such exercises will help to reduce the risk of falling.
• Remove home hazards: Take a look around your home and remove boxes and electrical cords from walkways. Secure or remove loose rugs from your home. Use nonslip mats in your shower (Carande-Kulis, et al., 2015).

Make an appointment with your doctor:

• Language barriers
• Won’t be able to make an appointment with doctors.
• Won’t be able to do physical activities due to pain in joints.
• Due to weakness won’t be able to walk for longer duration.
• Don’t find enough space in home to shift boxes or table to different place.
• The structure of home is different and due to which slippery portion can’t be removed.
  
  

Answer 8

Duty of Care:

The charter of aged care rights sets out the rights of seniors in long-term care and nursing homes, as well as the roles and obligations of those who provide care.

• Human rights:
• A decent standard of living, which includes adequate food, lodging, and clothes.
• Work and fair working conditions.
• Free from violence and be safe.
• Be free from inhuman or degrading treatment.
• Privacy, confidentiality and disclosure:
  
  

The Australian Medical Association (AMA) code of ethics require medical practitioners to maintain a patient’s confidentiality. Create policies and confidentiality agreements. And make sure to store all the information is stored on secure systems.

Work Health and Safety:

The Residents, visitors, medical personnel, and contractors who spend time on the worksite during working hours are included in an aged care facility. It is necessary to provide them proper facilities during and after the working hours.

Answer 9

• Using manuals and diagrams, documentation is necessary to explain the usage, function, maintenance, and design of software.
• Accurate reporting ensures that government health-care services pay the right amount to the right individuals, not too much or too little.
• It's important to keep track of anything in order to protect the patients.
  
  

Answer 10

• As part of an evidence-based fall safety programme, the Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool (JHFRAT) was developed. It is used in adult inpatients to detect the possibility of physiologic drop.
• The Morse Fall Scale (MFS) is a straightforward method of determining a patient's risk of falling. It's easy to use and only takes three minutes to score a patient.
  
  

Answer 11

• Help her in daily exercise.
• Take her on walk daily
• Improve her diet and include proteins and minerals in her diet.  
• Help her in daily living activities.
  
  

Member of norma’s family would be liaise to implement the required strategies for her and take care of them in respective manner.

Impact of fall on Norma and Craig:

• The fear of falling
• Impaired balance
• Limitations in mobility and undertaking the activities of daily living.
• Lack of confidence
• Reduced muscle strength
• Take care of what types of care does norma and craig needed.
• Identify their level of physical, emotional, and financial health.
• Share your knowledge with them
• Be empathetic towards them
• Be patient with them.
  
  

Answer 12

• Due to loose-fitting slippers of Mr Armstrong the risk of fall increases
• Due to impaired balance.
• Due to impaired walking patterns.
• Due to reduced muscle strength.
• Due to fall Mr Armstrong may get bones dislocated
• Due to fall may he get a fracture on different part of the body
• Due to fall may he get other problems related to muscles.
  
  

Issues can be Addressed in the following Manner:

• Alcohol abuse is increasing day-by-day.
• Anger Issues is affecting everyone in the family.
• Irritability will cause to the Mr Armstrong.
• Physical violence is increasing
• Fighting with housemates is increasing.
  
  

In order to store the documents, verbal reports need to be maintained where the patients need to verbally report the issues and the events that took place via process of face-to-face interaction or via telephone.

It is important for the organization to keep the documents as it provides the base for the evidence and this will safeguard the policies and the procedures of the organization.          

Answer 13

• Mrs Brookes was wearing soft-shield hip protectors because it is designed to reduce the risk of fall-related hip fractures, especially for the people who have compromised bone strength.
• Benefits of vitamin supplements are:
• Supports bone density and makes bones even more stronger.
• Vitamins helps to repair DNA
• Vitamins help to support the body system
• The Care team members of Mrs Brookes are monitoring her progress by keeping a check on her daily activities and by checking if she is wearing the hip protectors on Daily basis and taking her vitamins regularly which can help in improving her progress.
• It is important to discuss the care plan with Mrs Brookes as the care plans are made for the patients who are at major risk of falling which causes many injuries like hipe and internal brain injuries so in order to minimise the risk of such injuries, it becomes important to discuss the care plan with Mrs Brookes.

Answer 14

• The issues in this situation can be stated as follows:

He could fall off his bed while climbing the stairs and secondly, major injuries like hip injury and bone damage could happen to him.

• Mr Johnston’s situation to be discussed with his family as they are only one who lives with him and able to take care of him.
• Falls prevention assessments and interventions are informed by knowledge of the reversible risk factors for falls. It is necessary because falls can take a serious toll on quality of life and independence.
• Care team and family should be involved in the review and celebration of positive results and the credit goes to them for taking care of patient in a proper manner.
• Strategies like diagnostic strategies, therapeutic strategies, preventative strategies, rehabilitative strategies and its process will be followed if other strategies haven’t got the desired result and these strategies will help them to recover even more quickly.
• Different organizations and the individuals who know the procedures about these strategies will be addressed in order to follow the right process.
• In order to store the documents, verbal reports need to be maintained where the patients need to verbally report the issues and the events that took place via process of face-to-face interaction or via telephone.
  
  

References

Bunn, F., Dickinson, A., Simpson, C., Narayanan, V., Humphrey, D., Griffiths, C., ... & Victor, C. (2014). Preventing falls among older people with mental health problems: a systematic review. BMC nursing, 13(1), 1-15.

Carande-Kulis, V., Stevens, J. A., Florence, C. S., Beattie, B. L., & Arias, I. (2015). A cost–benefit analysis of three older adult fall prevention interventions. Journal of safety research, 52, 65-70.

Clemson, L., Singh, M. A. F., Bundy, A., Cumming, R. G., Manollaras, K., O’Loughlin, P., & Black, D. (2012). Integration of balance and strength training into daily life activity to reduce rate of falls in older people (the LiFE study): randomised parallel trial. Bmj, 345.

Sand, K. M., Midelfart, A., Thomassen, L., Melms, A., Wilhelm, H., & Hoff, J. M. (2013). Visual impairment in stroke patients–a review. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 127, 52-56.

Smith, A. D. A., Silva, A. O., Rodrigues, R. A. P., Moreira, M. A. S. P., Nogueira, J. D. A., & Tura, L. F. R. (2017). Assessment of risk of falls in elderly living at home. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem, 25.

Xu, T., Clemson, L., O'Loughlin, K., Lannin, N. A., Dean, C., & Koh, G. (2018). Risk factors for falls in community stroke survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 99(3), 563-573.

Yamada, S., Ishikawa, M., Miyajima, M., Nakajima, M., Atsuchi, M., Kimura, T., ... & Mori, E. (2017). Timed up and go test at tap test and shunt surgery in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurology: Clinical Practice, 7(2), 98-108.

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