CHCPOL003 Research and Apply Evidence to Practice

Introduction:     

A single or repeated action which endangers the cognitive and corporeal well-being of elder people is considered as the elder abuse. The definition of abuse is directed to harmful activities within any relationship at home or care-centres where there is an expectation of trust. Although, the emergence of elder abuse has been witnessed since 1970s, history has evidenced the vulnerabilities of elderly people since the late eighteenth century. The World Health organization has defined elder abuse as “the violation of human rights” (who.int, 2020). The inclusive definition of elder abuse contains exploitation of physical, psychological, emotional, economic, material and sexual rights and abandonment which leads to the occurrence of despise. In the subsequent studies, the paper critically evaluates that elder abuse can lead to several cognitive and corporeal consequences (Dong, 2015). According to the World Health Organization, the roots of elder abuse can be traced to the concept of various socio-cultural and personal issues (who.int, 2020). Moreover, in the Canadian Association of Radiologist Journal, the article has concentrated on the physical repercussions of elder abuse to find underlying patterns (sciencedirect.com, 2013). The paper has been focused to construct a literature review which reflects the origination and consequences of elder abuse. The article of Cambridge core on elder abuse has particularly depicted the situational analysis of elder abuse in the context of Indian society. The literature review has bee focused to propose discussion based on the methodology and analysis of three particular articles.

Methodology:  

The paper has utilized the qualitative data of World Health Organization, Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal and Cambridge Core on the perception and consequences of elder abuse (cambridge.org, 2018). The prior researches have been established on the medical journals and articles of PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE and TRIP which have cultivated the consequences of elder abuse since 1975 (sciencedirect.com, 2013). The article has evaluated the cross-sectional studies and corporeal injuries of the of elder abuse case reports. The medicolegal reports have encapsulated that the injuries of violent abuses have mostly apprehended in the upper extremity portion. While the Canadian Journal reveals the corporeal consequences of elder abuse. The article of World Health Organization has estimated the utility of quantitative data to mark elder abuse as the socio-cultural abuse. The study has been evaluated on the global parameters. From the estimation of articles, it is evaluated that domestic violence has been the most identified reason of elder abuse. The quantitative evaluation of the articles is performed under the contents of community and institutional settings (who.int, 2020). The data has been extracted from the hospitals, nursing homes and care centres. The Cambridge core has structured the study on the basis on Indian context and social evaluation. The social theories of victimization, gender inequality has cultivated the analysis of elder abuse. Moreover, the article has shared the quantitative and qualitative data by concentrating on the implementation of gerontology which is relied on the basis of symbolic interaction theory, labelling theory, reconstruction theory and social exchange theory. The article has majorly focused on the descriptive interpretation of social exchange theory. The theory has been utilized to define the interactive measurement between different generations. Furthermore, the social exchange theory has been relied on the implementation of principles of economy and the interaction of declination of social interaction.

Findings:  

The methodological evaluation from the medical perspective has resulted in the differentiation of the abuse. World Health Organization has revealed five prime types of elder abuse: psychological abuse, neglect, financial abuse, sexual abuse, physical abuse (Simone et al., 2019). The quantitative findings have been segmented in three different formats, first which is reported by the adults and has been proven true, second which is also reported by the adults and not proven true, and third which is reported by the staff. Most case have been found in the genre of psychological abuse. The psychological abusive act results in the deprivation of esteem and dignity. The consecutive neglect and abuse can lead to serious health concerns.

Conversely, the article of Canadian Association of Journal has cultivated the measurements of the physical abuse and focused to create a pattern in the reflection of physical injuries. The analytical structure of the paper has mirrored that the elderly people are mostly affected by the known or trustworthy people. The report has shown a rise of elder abuse in Canada. Theorists have precepted that the rise is may be due to the increment of public awareness. Furthermore, the finding has also revealed that the elder abuse brings additional death risk, as most cases remain underreported. The persistent abusive acts result in the cases of morbidity. On the other hand, the article of Cambridge Core has majorly evaluated the contextual analysis of elder abuse in the reflection of financial situation and caste diversity (cambridge.org, 2018). The data has shown that more than fifty percent of the cases have came from low economic background. The caste-wise evaluation has revealed that the upper-class society has confronted most cases of elder abuse.

Discussion:  

The social, community, relationship, financial background been entitled as the major risk factors of elder abuse (Yon et al., 2017). Even socio-cultural orthodoxy can enhance the chances of elder abuse. The physical consequences of elder abuse have majorly seen in the portion upper extremity. In the clinical setting, depression, stress have been subjected as the risk factors in the clinical setting (Pillemer et al., 2016). In times, the situation can lead to transgenerational violence where it is seen that in the initial stage the parents have abused their children, and later the abused children develop physical harm on the parents. Even the situation of social isolation, the situation has been turned in the drug or alcohol abuse and it develops high risk for the elder abuse by the caretakers. The emotional and financial dependence also developed the high chances of physical abuse. The socio-cultural context, poorly trained staff, deficient physical environment are the prime reasons of elder abuse.  

The expansion of elder abuse can be measured by certain preventive implementation. In the developed and financial stable countries, professional awareness programs, screening of potential victims and captured abusers. Intergenerational programs have been organised in the societies and schools. Neighbourhood representatives and committee has structured policies to improvise the standardisation of care (Baker et al., 2016). It is signified that the caregiver must been adhered to the treatment of dementia. Other than these, certain individualistic efforts can prevent the impression of elder abuse. An elderly person must generate a reporting to the authority in case of any abusive circumstances from the care-givers. It is important to capture the contact details of emergency shelters and helpline numbers. The elder abuse is primely generated from the digressive mentality of people, only the self-refinement programs can prevent the appearance of elder abuse.

Conclusion:   

Hence, summing up, it can be said that, abuse can occur to anyone. While the articles have differentiated the effect and emergence of abuse depending on the cultural, social and financial situation, it is seen that the deprived mentality of an abuser can harm an elderly person. The analytical researches have shown that abuse can occur even in the daily activities. While physical wounds can heal in long time, the psychological bruises remain fresh. The mistreatment can make an elder person fearful and depressed. Even in times, the victim interprets the situation as individual fault. The national and international government have organised protective service agencies to support and reduce the numbers and emergence of elder abuse.

References:  

Baker, P. R., Francis, D. P., Hairi, N. N., Othman, S., & Choo, W. Y. (2016). Interventions for preventing abuse in the elderly. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (8).

cambridge.org (2018) Elder Abuse and Elder Victimization: A Sociological Analysishttps://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-annals-of-criminology/article/elder-abuse-and-elder-victimization-a-sociological-analysis/32B257E7BB1B0FD70B23499C0A1C93AE  

Dong, X. Q. (2015). Elder abuse: Systematic review and implications for practice. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 63(6), 1214-1238.

Pillemer, K., Burnes, D., Riffin, C., & Lachs, M. S. (2016). Elder abuse: global situation, risk factors, and prevention strategies. The Gerontologist, 56(Suppl_2), S194-S205.

sciencedirect.com, (2013). A Literature Review of Findings in Physical Elder Abuse  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0846537112001192  

Simone, L., Wettstein, A., Senn, O., Rosemann, T., & Hasler, S. (2016). Types of abuse and risk factors associated with elder abuse. Swiss medical weekly, 146(0304).

who.int, (2020). Elder Abuse  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/elder-abuse  

Yon, Y., Mikton, C. R., Gassoumis, Z. D., & Wilber, K. H. (2017). Elder abuse prevalence in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 5(2), e147-e156.

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