PHI475 Biomedical Ethics

Assignment 1

Society uses various methods to allocate resources, including the ability to pay, need past contributions, equal share, need, and potential worth. Resource allocation involves the management, planning, and assigning of resources. Need forms the most appropriate requirement of material justice (Edge & Groves, 2018). The need-based resource allocation approach or method involves allocating resources based on every person or community (Heaslip & Ryden, 2013). For instance, health care systems should allocate resources based on need. Factors that indicate need include sex or gender, age, health risk factors, and other drivers. Looking at the top five weighted items as well as the bottom five weighted items, I discover that my perception values have been affected. The values were awarded according to my perceptions about the quality and importance of the services offered. I did not favor any age group more than others. As well, I did not have a bias towards social utility. All values were assigned fairly. Drug rehabilitation and AIDS patients fared well. However, drug rehabilitation did not appear to have been done adequately. It needs to be improved to improve the health outcomes of the victims. AIDS patients received relatively adequate and reasonable care.

Assignment 2

A DNR order refers to an advance directive not to try Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) if the heart or breathing stops. Patients with DNR orders can belong in intensive care even if there is a bed shortage. A DNR order does not indicate that no medical assistance should be offered to the patient. For instance, if the patient is critically ill, they must be provided relevant care, such as oxygen administration therapy, comfortable position, control of bleeding, and emotional support and pain medication. A DNR order aims to prevent unwanted and unnecessary invasive therapy at the life end (Edge & Groves, 2018).

The decision as to who stays and who goes would be made based on need. Patients with emergency cases will have to be given immediate attention compared to those whose condition is not severe. The medical utility would also be used to determine patients who need to stay. Doctors should use the medical record to assess their health condition and if they need to stay or not. A first-come, first-serve basis should not be used in the case of critical medical care or emergencies.

Assignment 3

The health care system can also work in the United States. Just like Singapore has done, the U.S can also implement such a system. The U.S has a hybrid health care system composed of private and public health care that provides non-profit and for-profit insurers. The U.S has a unique health care system. It lacks a uniform health system or universal health care coverage. However, legislation that requires healthcare coverage for every person has been mandated.

The U.S does not operate a national health service, a multi-payer or single-payer national health insurance system. Therefore, it would be easy for the U.S to adopt an approach that increases a person's responsibility for personal health and utilization, increases physicians' attentiveness to patients, and offers health care services for all people (Heaslip & Ryden, 2013). In the system, the government should provide health care insurance to cover serious hospital care as well as preventative care, such as immunization against contagious or killer diseases.

Assignment 4

Many Americans (about 28%) have opted out of physical activity. Eighty-three million people in America do not take part in any physical activity. They are sedentary. American society encourages free choice, self-determination, and personal liberty, even if choices have adverse health outcomes. Societal drug abuse has led to increased road accidents, homicides, and gun-related accidents. People's diet also affects their health by increasing the risk for heart disease, obesity, and diabetes.

The government of the U.S. can play a significant role in addressing this challenge. It can promote dietary and healthy lifestyles. For instance, the government should impose sugary beverage taxes to increase the prices of specific products to minimize beverages' consumption with poor nutrition and high calorie. Various counties and cities have imposed the tax to improve the health outcomes of the residents. The taxes can influence the beverage choices of the residents significantly if implemented adequately. Therefore, the sugary beverage tax reduces the overall sugar and caloric intake of the residents, ultimately minimizing the risk for obesity. The government should also support and implement projects that promote physical activity and walkability (Heaslip & Ryden, 2013). The infrastructure that supports walkability projects and bicycle initiatives should be established. For instance, the construction of greenways can encourage physical activity.

References

Edge, R. S., & Groves, J. R. (2018). Ethics of health care: A guide for clinical practice. Nelson Education.

Heaslip, V., & Ryden, J. (2013). Understanding vulnerability: A nursing and healthcare approach. John Wiley & Sons.

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