UZWS4V40M Dissertation

Introduction

Background

The web is what powers the block chain technology but at this point, this is a high a high power and high level web. For this instance, therefore, it would be wise for an understanding of the earlier days of the web. There have been three instances of functional web versions up to now. The earlier web, which is web 1.0. and was founded by Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau and it was in full called the World Wide Web. The web came after the internet as the internet had been in development and research had been around its development from around 1950s. The internet power the interconnection between webpages as well as between web pages and individuals. The internet acts like a road that connects two cities. WWW or web 1.0 would then power the growth and the popularity of the internet (Rani, N., Das, P. and Bhardwaj, A.K., 2022).

Web 1.0 according to Tim Berners Lee, web 1.0 was the first conceptual revolution of the world wide web and if therefore eliminated the brick and motor trade and processes of traditional communication. The developed world population was thrown into the newest error of communication and information mining and there was a wide spread of websites that had a wide spread of information and interaction with the web community. Let us get deeper into the details of web 1.0, and the start has it that web 1.0 was purely web pages based. There was the owner of the website or owners to websites and then there was the consumers of the websites and finally the relationship was that, an owner of a website puts up information after developing a web page and then later on, posts the information on the websites (Khan, H.U., Aruya, J.A. and Gill, A.Q., 2022). Different information was put up on different websites and they range from information on products and services. The reader or the consumer of the information on the other hand has no power on the contribution of the information that is there on the internet. There was also no feedback that customers were allowed to give for products and/or services that they found less important in their lives or that they did not feel highly confident about and all these are what led to the need for change or progress and these were termed as the point of failures if web 1.0 (Mbunge, E. and Muchemwa, B., 2022..)

Web 1.0 Weaknesses   

The information on the web pages was considered to be the slowest in development and publishing and sharing of information for that matter, was also slow. For consumers to asses fresh information from the web pages, they had to refresh the page in order to attain the new information.

Secondly, there was no consideration of the thought that the customers or consumers have in that the web was developed by the developers or owners for the sole purpose of being consumed by the consumers. The consumers had no power at all whatsoever. This made the entire consumers developer divide and for that matter, there would be great push for the development of platforms that could give consumers on the other end just as much power in content creation contribution just the same way as the developers and these would start forming the basis of the development of web 2.0. looking at the entire web 10 setup, the application was only built to be a slow application in that, there were more and more readers meaning more individuals were pegged to use one website whereas there were but only few website developers meaning that more and more people drove traffic to these websites and this therefore brought abought and overload and therefore elements of slowness. All these needed to change and it therefore leads us to the evolution of the WWW from 1.0 to 2.0 and for this matter the next focus will be web 2.0 (Tsompani, G. and Anastasopoulos, M., 2022).

Web 2.0

Web 2.0, even though web 3.0 has started to have a massive widespread gospel, is still the widely used and the most dominant web application. The arrival of web 2.0 was well received and the core attribution for this is linked to the business model types and this is, the content that was to exist on the platforms were to be user generated. The power that was transferred to users made sure that web 2.0 was viewed as a 21^st century digital revolution and what is even crazier is the fact that the revolution came along after the crash of the dot com bubble (SüÄŸümlü, Ü. and Aslan, S., 2022).

With web 2.0, there was a clear experience in the improvement of how information was shared and it was as clear as day that the speed had improved and that there was no need to wait for the developer to proceed with the posting. The postings were done by the consumers themselves who by all means needed to communicate and share lots of information at a sporadic speed as they have the constant power to share and keep sharing a lot more information with each other and with themselves opposed to as the case was under web 1.0 (Khan, H.U., Aruya, J.A. and Gill, A.Q., 2022).

Web 2.0 success on the other hand though was majorly backed by a series of ideas and they are in the core of aiding how humans interacted. They are up to 6 ideas in total. And they are:

Consumer Generated Content

The structure of web 2.0. is connected such that, there has been more power given to users of the platforms and the users have had the prowess, through the social media apps to contribute in the production of more useful information hence the interactions between second and third parties. Take for example applications with the Meta company, snap chat, Tiktok, Youtube and the rest (Ibrahim et al. 2022).

Power to harness Crowd Power

More people are using the internet and therefore most of web 2.0 application hence the existence of multiple apps and these range from payment apps, trading apps as well as social media apps. When running a motion, it is possible to reuse the information that is posted once to reach, subscribers and followers. If by any chance there was a petition that was being run on the web, then support can be attained in a matter of minutes hence the ability of making change in minutes if not hours. The best example to put forward is the case where YouTube reached a level of blocking the Indian New Channel called World Is One News (WION). The individuals on the social media when learnt about this on Facebook and Twitter, would rally behind the firm and would pressurize the unblocking of the channel which in the long run lead to the unblocking of the channel in overall. Hence the crowd power can easily be harnessed for the advantage of the individual that needs a crowd power (Ali, I., Balta, M. and Papadopoulos, T., 2022).  

Huge Information Amounts

User engagement on these platforms serve as very important sources of data collection. There are lots of user generated content and these in a greater extent, lead to massive data collection points. The collected data are used for different reason and some of the reasons are linked to the need of wanting to understand what consumers’ needs are. The best example is the analysis done on tweets data so as to understand consumer sentiments (Mbunge, E. and Muchemwa, B., 2022).

Participation Architecture

The design of the technology that powers web 2.0, is done in such a way that there is the facilitation of participants’ collaboration when communicating and this therefore gives the go ahead in how more content is driven in communication so as to generate more data and push for the growth of more change of information flow (Reifman et al. 2022).

Network Effects

There has been a growth in number in the usage of the entire social media crew in all the platforms and therefore the same has also been recorded with additional platforms. There users of these platforms one after another have always given their feedback in the performance of each platform and how they interact with them and for that matter, the developers have always been tasked with the improvement of the glitches that have been pointed out by the very developers themselves (Ballesteros-López et al. 2022).

Forthrightness

The web 2.0 platforms have a wide degree of access hence the growth in usage over the years for most platforms. This about free interactivity in the platforms (Ballesteros-López, et al. 2022).

Web 2.0 Security Challenges

The openness of the social media platforms brings both advantages as well as negativity as there is the fact that there is the provision of a high level of openness but what stand out is there also exists a very high measure of insecurity.

Apart from lack of privacy, a hacker might be having the intentions and because of their ability, of uploading a malware that can in the long run jeopardize individual’s Web 2.0 page. There have been cases of high vulnerability that have been witnessed under the twitter and Facebook platforms. With these platforms, hackers have in most cases taken the approach of uploading applications such as free anti viruses on users’ pages. Innocent users, get to click on the uploaded software and this usually turn to be the beginning of their vulnerability. They are then exposed to every potential hacks that a hacker wants to levy on them or for that matter, their information might be stolen from them in the long (Zhang, Y., 2022).

Recurrent Web 2.0 Vulnerabilities 

First thing you need to note is the fact that, the vulnerabilities that are experienced with web 2.0 and that were also experienced with web 1.0, are all the main drive for the development of development of web 3.0 and the block chain technology. Compiled with other factors, we have an already functional block chain technology that clearly makes the world function perfectly. Before getting to the depths of the applications and therefore the main study of web 3.0, block chain transactions and therefore the relevant graphs representing the transactions (Ilyas, M.U. and Alharbi, S.A., 2022). Of the vulnerabilities, there are:

• Cross Site Scripting: hackers here instill existing but harmful and yet executable codes in to a wide spread web pages that are legitimately operational and that were generated dynamically. If a user in any case visits and then downloads the specified web pages, then the implicated code found within targeting web pages executes itself on the specified victim’s system and this therefore smoothens the ways for hackers and they easily therefore take easy control over the victim’s system (Hassan et al. 2022).
• Cross Site Request Forgery: cookies are the top employees of such type of attacks. In other cases, there can also be the by passing of the firewall protection to any website for which the victim that is targeted assesses every time. Through these attacks, most cases, it is only the IP addresses of the victims that are put to the task of defeat or defense (Aborujilah, A., Adamu, J., Shariff, S.M. and Long, Z.A., 2022).
• SQL Injections: the hackers of such attacks, stand to steal targeted owner’s data and with this view, the owner acts as if the computer under target belongs to them. They then proceed into stealing the actual owner’s personal banking information after which they then proceed to buying thing with this information including the commodities of the ecommerce sites and can even configure on router firewall hence stealing relevant data (Malmström, F., 2022).  

Additional vulnerabilities would include information leakage and authentication and authorization flaws.

Prevention of Web 2.0. Vulnerabilities

There have been several measures that have been taken into considerations when it comes to the prevention of web 2.0 vulnerabilities. There has been the consideration of appropriation and therefore the steps of business that are considered to be effective and very safe for the development of features of WEB 2.0.

The actual steps that have been employed with the aim of avoiding the victims spread of the vulnerabilities is as listed below:

• Design’s Requirements

The designs levied through concrete plans should have the chance of building security based models that keep away threats. The designs on the application that have been modeled should be done in such a way that all threats are eliminated in the long run (Rofoo et al. 2022).

• Secure Development

The modelling of the security, should be made in such a way that, the security that is levied as a part of it is an incorporated part of the APPs DNA.

• Review of the Code

After the development of a security code, then it is wise for there to be a thorough set up of matters such as: Input Validation, Output Validation, error handling, storage that is secure and session management.

• Testing of Security

The developers should try apply jeopardy on the system themselves and therefore hack their own system through the security that they have set up. Additionally, there should be a run on the automated tests and the tests should be those that are defined within the threat model (Rofoo et al. 2022).

Web 3.0

After understanding the evolution and the threat levels that is with each and every web evolution steps, then it will only be wise if we all dived into understanding what exactly web 3.0 is and therefore the block chain technology, the crypto transactions and therefore the graphs that represents each and every transaction on the block (Ranjan, J., 2022).

Therefore, from all the above sections, this (web 3.0) is the main interest in the room, it will form the main focus of the thesis research report that is yet to be developed in the long run. Web 3 as is has made several individual millionaire and billionaires and proceeds to do so as the market that powers web 3.0 and therefore the block chain technology is highly volatile and still has a massively growing market cap. The number of individuals that use block chain technology and web 3.0 continues to grow more and more with time and in monetary terms expectations such that, the market side of the technology is estimated to experience a growth from USD 4.9 billion in 2021 to USD 64 billion in 2026, with an annual growth rate will be standing at 68.4% during the period of forecast and then to 227 billion by 2028 and the compound (ARVAS, Ä°.S., 2022).

The block chain technology had been introduced not for the first time, but for the first time it was practically implemented and therefore started being known to people was in 2008, the same year that the global financial crush, the largest crash in history, had been experienced and was still biting the general public. The block chain technology had been introduced and would serve as the distributed ledger of bitcoin. The bitcoin existence came at the right time as everyone in the general population had experienced the worst when it came to loosing wealth due to financial crashes. Bitcoin had the promise of decentralization and security at the time and this properly resonated well with everyone. The only thing that most people has not envisioned was the high rise in each coin’s price that each coin would experience in the long run and that would make individuals reach (Palma Pérez, W.G., 2022).

Bitcoin cryptocurrency had been pushed forth only under the agenda of actually wanting to do away with the utilization of fiat money system. The need that was therefore, which was brought forth by the crash of the 2007/2008 years, had the idea of setting firmly a decentralized trading and therefore transactional platform a through this, web 3.0 and block chain as a technology through bitcoin would start establishing very frim roots. It has been over a decade, and the technology has evolved to an extent that, there has been a clear evidence in the development of other technologies beside the bitcoin block chain. There has been the development of the Etherium Block chain, Solana Block chain, Pokedot Block Chain, Avalanche Block chain and Cardano Block chain amongst other very recent ones. Most industries are therefore in the race of the changes that developers are expected to roll out as the technology keeps developing over time (Gurunath, R. and Samanta, D., 2022).

What is most interesting is that Berners Lee and earlier scholars that had looked at the potentials of the internet and the relationship that it forms with WWW had already Expanded on the key fundamentals of Web 3.0 and they were:

Decentralization: With this terms, what is meant is that, no individual needs to be permitted for an activity that is related to posting things on the net. Individuals should work on their own accord without being authorized by a centrally placed forces and these forces are represented by for example the fed in the USA and the commercial banks that are controlled by the very federal systems. In overall, there will be no existence of any trace of indiscriminate censorship and surveillance for that matter (Chohan, U.W., 2022.).

Bottom-up Design: there are large groups and a massive wide spread of developers all around the world and therefore the codes pledged to be used in development should and will not only be written by a fraction of groups or individuals and therefore they would be rather developed in full review if everyone and this therefore would end up boosting the morale of top notch participation and experimentation (Qiu et al.2022).

Back to 2001 and therefore back to the reasoning that had been put forth by Berners-Lee, he had clearly discussed the concept of Semantic Web. He understood computers very well to an extent of understanding that they were reliable in ways to process semantics of languages. In accordance to Lee, he had the urge of employing sematic wen in bringing forward content that is considered to be meaningful for the Web pages and have a software enabling to an extent that would easily carry out tasks that are deemed as advanced for users that are dependent on the same.

The assessment levied on web 3.0 clearly indicates that it has surely progressed past the earlier idea that was majorly based on Semantic Web. The noted progress is specifically evident as it is extremely expensive and monumentally difficult to have a human language converted. Especially since it has subtle nuances and variations into a layout that computers can easily and readily understand, and since web 2.0 has since evolved significantly since inception (Khazini, L., Kalajahi, M.J., Rashidi, Y. and Ghomi, S.M.M.M., 2022)

Web 3.0 Defining Features

Since its inception, there has never been the development for the standardization of the definition of Web 3.0 and that there have only been a wide range of definitions that can be out forward to be used in understanding the exact meaning of Web 3.0.

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