INRS7311 Introduction to Research

Tradition of each article

The first article namely “Evaluating Environmental Interpretation with Mixed Method” by Ren and Folta (2016) used the approach of behaviorism that can be observed in the title of the article. According to Higginbottom and Liamputtong (2015) methodology refers to a procedure to articulate a theoretically informed approach to produce any information. It includes the procedure of critical analysis as well as data production techniques. Second article titled as “An Epitaph in 140 Characters: TV Journalists’ Twitter Use Following the Roanoke Shooting” utilise ontological paradigm of research. It includes evaluation of the reality within the research (Hoak and Sharma 2019). The study also evaluates the reality of #WeStandWithWDBJ related with the death of two journalists throughout the entire study. Finally, the third article entitled as “The Correlation between a passion for computer games and the school performance of younger schoolchildren” utilise the paradigm of epistemology (Kulikova and Maliy 2015). Epistemology paradigm demands the use of philosophy and knowledge to be acquired through a research activity. The study wants to establish the relation between the reputation of computer games for the younger school children.

Elements in the research design

Research methodology

Ren and Folta (2016) used the mixed or combined research methodology including both the qualitative and quantitative research procedure. There are different benefits of using combined research methodologies. It provides results from both the qualitative and quantitative findings and utilise multiple hypotheses to make it more reliable and trustworthy. Hoak and Sharma (2019) used the qualitative research methodology for the study and Kulikova and Maliy (2015) used the quantitative research procedure. Qualitative research allows the researchers to explore the existing research done by scholars and scientists. Qualitative research is the procedure to identify a group of pre-set key words in existing research to establish a combined decision. On the other hand, quantitative research includes conducting original research through developing certain hypotheses and providing evidences to test the developed hypotheses.

Type of research

The first article is the most common type of research that is – explanatory research with a quasi-experiential approach of survey. Quasi-experimental research design includes casual or simple research hypotheses. The program is considered as an intervention through which the researchers can evaluate and test the pre-set objectives within the research. It includes the identification of different comparison group, treatment group and the baseline to identify the characteristics. According to Naepi (2019) explanatory research refers to the method that establish a cause-and-effect elements within the entire study. Second article is the qualitative research or it can also be considered as the informative research. In this type of research, the researchers provide information related to the set research objectives. An informative research paper takes the initiative to explore new information related to a selected topic. Data is collected through the presentation of proving and disapproving the existing notion about the selected topic. Finally, Kulikova and Maliy (2015) used the quantitative research using the type of deductive investigation. It is the procedure where the reality is demonstrated through general laws and form a kind of obvious conclusions. Along with this, the deductive research quantitative research is completely based on the scientific identification. Researchers read the existing theories related to the particular topic and test the developed hypotheses at the end. Researchers try to establish the developed hypotheses and nullify the alternative hypotheses at the end with proper reasoning.

Population and sampling methods

Population and sampling used

According to the terminology of research, population is considered as the comprehensive group of individuals or institutions. The group is selected or constructed according to some common characteristic features. The population of the research is generally is a collection of people to represent the arguments of the research. Research population helps to establish the perception of others about the selected research topic.

On the other hand, a sample refers to the smaller unit of information selected by the researchers to represent the entire population. The sample is selected from the pre-defined population and developed using certain procedures including sampling points, observation and sampling units. Weber (2014) mentioned sampling is the technique that carry forward the statistical analysis with the preselected population. The amount or number of samples is smaller than the amount of entire population.

The population used by Ren and Folta (2016) is almost 25,000 people and the survey was conducted within 33 days. The survey was used for the quantitative research procedure. For the qualitative part, the researchers utilised the traditional literature review procedure to collect the information. The second article is the qualitative research where the researchers selected some resourceful articles related social media platforms. The third article is completely quantitative research where the entire population was 32 students out of which 12 were girls and 20 were boys. All the students belong to the age group of 10 – 11. The researchers adopted the procedure of purposive selection mode to establish the research decisions.

Favourable alternative sampling method

In general, a research work needs to implement the combined research methodology to make a balance between documented information and statistical information. The first article utilised combined research methodology however the second and third used qualitative and quantitative respectively. The mixed or combined research methodology is also useful to understand the difference between the qualitative and quantitative findings with helps to understand the participant’s perception. Along with this, Belliveau (2015) mentioned the exploratory sequence of mixed methodology is more suitable to make the research more effective. It includes a proper sequence for investigation. It also includes the initiative of collecting the viewpoints of others and using own instruments to support the research objectives. The mixed method of research provides a feeling of completeness by integrating both the qualitative and quantitative information. It is also ensuring expansion of the derived information from the phase of its investigation. Finally, the mixed method of research procedure helps to acknowledge the diverse depiction of the same phenomenon developed in the research objectives.

Data collection methods

Data collection methods used in each article

Ren and Folta (2016) collected the quantitative information through the on-site survey. They have conducted almost 33 surveys with the randomly selected population. The survey included the paper pencil questionnaire for the visitors came between the time of morning 9 am to afternoon 4 pm. All the participants were requested to wear the badge to make the tracking procedure easy. The respondents who have finished the survey are asked to provide the electronic mailing address to keep a track with them. Hoak and Sharma (2019) collected the information by collating information from different social media platforms. They utilised the big platforms especially the hashtags used in Tweeter dated between 26^th August 2015 to 4^th September 2015. The researchers used a dedicated discourse analysis technique to collect the information. The discourse analysis included a constant comparison among the identified dates, categories and the themes present within the information. This approach was useful for proper refinement, support, enrichment, and validation of the entire research work. Finally, Kulikova and Maliy (2015) used the quantitative procedure for research that include a purposive selective procedure of research. The researchers developed a questionnaire with 15 questions that is divided into three particular sections including time, genre and level. First set contained 5 questions, the second set contained 3 questions and the third set contained 7 questions.

Favourable alternative data collection method

For the first research article, instead of multiple surveys, the researchers can conduct a completely structured questionnaire. Structured questionnaire can help to carry the research in a systematic way. It also helps to monitor the progress of the entire research in a stipulated manner. For the qualitative part, the researchers can use content analysis or discourse analysis technique to get more enriched information about environmental information. For the second research article, the researchers can opt for a qualitative survey or content analysis technique. According to researchers, qualitative surveys are comparatively less structured than the quantitative survey. It mainly includes some open-ended questions that help to fetch more information within a shorter period of time. The qualitative surveys also help to develop fruitful hypothesis to support the research activities. Finally, thew third article include direct interview with the teacher instead of surveying the students. The teachers may provide useful and meaningful data to the researchers instead of the students as the selected group of participants can hardly understand the purpose of the research. Hence, interviewing with the teachers could provide a meaningful data to the researchers and make the research more reliable and valuable.

Data analysis method in each article

Ren and Folta (2016) The first article utilised a SAS 9.3 as well as SPSS 21 to analyse the quantitative analysis. The researchers marked the knowledge with 1 point and wrong answers with a 0 point. The intention of the researchers was to measure the behavioural attitude of the participants through the Likert scale. Almost 451 visitors were appeared for the survey and majority of the participants remained significant for a longer run. The researchers mentioned that, most of the visitors were overwhelmed by the sensory experiences with due regards to the captive cranes. Hoak and Sharma (2019) utilised the discourse analysis that resulted into – most rallying point during the time of shooting was #WeStandwithWDBJ. Particular wordings used by these group of journalists that instigated the issue on that particular day. The researchers came up with different themes including the traditional grief, support related issue, the attitude of WDBJ to others and professional grief. Finally, the third research article concluded their investigation as 16% of the school students were motivated to use the computer games. Along with this, the researchers mentioned that there is a firm correlation between the computer game genre with the performance and attitude of the school going children.

References

Hoak, G. and Sharma, R. 2019. An Epitaph in 140 Characters:TV Journalists' Twitter Use Following the Roanoke Shootings. Ohio Communication journal, 57(April), 58 – 74

Kulikova, T.I. and Maliy, D.V., 2015. The correlation bsetween a passion for computer games and the school performance of younger schoolchildren. Psychology in Russia, 8(3), p.124.

Ren, Q. and Folta, E., 2016. Evaluating environmental interpretation with mixed method: A case study at the International Crane Foundation, Wisconsin. Journal of Interpretation Research, 21(2), pp.5-19.

Bibliography

Belliveau, G., 2015. based theatre and a/r/tography: Exploring arts-based educational research methodologies. In performance (Vol. 2, No. 1–2).

Chalmers, J., 2017. The transformation of academic knowledges: Understanding the relationship between decolonising and indigenous research methodologies. Socialist Studies/Études Socialistes, 12(1), pp.97-97.

Choy, L.T., 2014. The strengths and weaknesses of research methodology: Comparison and complimentary between qualitative and quantitative approaches. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(4), pp.99-104.

Higginbottom, G. and Liamputtong, P. eds., 2015. Participatory qualitative research methodologies in health. Sage.

Kuby, C.R., 2017. Poststructural and Posthuman Theories as Literacy Research Methodologies: Tensions and Possibilities. In Literacy lives in transcultural times (pp. 156-174). Routledge.

Naepi, S., 2019. Pacific research methodologies. Oxford research encyclopedia of education. New York: Oxford University Press. doi, 10.

Saaroni, H., Amorim, J.H., Hiemstra, J.A. and Pearlmutter, D., 2018. Urban Green Infrastructure as a tool for urban heat mitigation: Survey of research methodologies and findings across different climatic regions. Urban climate, 24, pp.94-110.

Takhar-Lail, A. and Ghorbani, A., 2015. Market research methodologies: Multi-method and qualitative (p. 300). IGI Global.

Weber, S.M., 2014. Design (Research) methodologies and modes of becoming. Creative Approaches to Research, 7(1), pp.92-116.

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