NURS325 Integrated Pathophysiology and Clinical Pharmacology

Introduction:

The purpose of the digestive system is digestion as well as absorption. Digestion is the breakdown of food into small molecules, which are then absorbed by the body. The digestive system is divided into two main parts; the alimentary canal and digestive tract. There are 2 holes mouth and anus.

The immune system participates in an important role in protecting the body from destructive materials, bacteria and cell changes that may cause you to get sick. It is composed of different organs, cells and proteins.The circulation system's functions are oxygen circulation as well as the removal of carbon dioxide. Provide nutrition for cells. It removes metabolites for excretion in excretory organs. Protect the body from diseases and infections.

Since the parietal cell is destroyed, which substance(s) is Teri lacking as a consequence?

The substance is Teri lacking due to vitamin B12 deficiency, which leads to pernicious anemia (Veit, 2017). However, the thrashing of parietal cells diminishes gastric acid emission, which is also necessary for the assimilation of inorganic ion. Therefore, iron deficiency usually occurs in sufferers through autoimmune gastritis.hat is the correlation between the destruction of parietal cells and Vit B12 deficiency?

The correlation between the destruction of parietal cells and Vit B12 deficiency is the loss of the number of parietal cells results in severe hypochlorhydria and reduced absorption of vitamin B12 (Yetim et al., 2021). Insufficient production of internal factors also leads to a deficiency of vitamin B12.

Due to her condition, Teri lacks Pepsin. Explain why.

Lack of zinc or vitamin B can cause a decrease in stomach acid (Chen et al., 2018). These deficiencies may be due to insufficient food intake or nutrient loss due to stress, smoking or drinking. That's why Teri lacks Pepsin.           

If Teri were healthy, explain what her RBCs would look like?

Red blood cells, also known as erythrocyte, are the cellular components of blood (Bateman et al., 2017). Millions of blood circulation give blood its characteristic colour and transport O2 from the lungs toward the tissues. Adult human RBCs are minute, round, as well as biconcave. It is shaped like a dumbbell in outline. When a cell passes through a very small blood vessel, it is flexible and bell-shaped. It is covered with a membrane of lipids and proteins, has no core, and contains proteins that are rich in hemoglobin (red iron) and bind to oxygen.     

What is hematocrit?

Hematocrit is the volume fraction of blood made up of red blood cells. Hematocrit (hct) is expressed as a percentage (Defreyne et al., 2018). For instance, a hematocrit of 25 per cent signifies that 100 ml of blood comprises 25 ml of RBCs.Low oxygen levels stimulate her body to create new RBCs by stimulating which process?

The amount of erythropoietin released depends on low oxygen levels and the kidney's ability to produce erythropoietin (Kimáková et al., 2017). EPO is transported to the bone marrow, where it stimulates the manufacture of RBCs. The whole process is known as hematopoiesis.

Explain that process in depth.

The rate of blood production depends on the necessitates of the body. The human body constantly produces new blood cells to replace old blood cells. Approximately 1 per cent of blood cells need to be reinstated every day. WBCs encompass the shortest lifetime, and sometimes only a few survive. Several hours to several days, whilst RBCs may last upto about 120 days. The hematopoietic process commences with non-specialized stem cells. The stem cells multiply, as well as some of the new cells, are transformed into progenitor cells. They are designed to turn into a certain haemoglobin cell, but they are not still fully grown. Though, these immature cells can divide quickly as well as mature into blood elements, for example, red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets (Bain, 2017).

Hemoglobin transports oxygen in our body.

Hemoglobin protein is the molecule responsible for carrying almost all oxygen in the blood (Xie et al., 2019). It consists of four subunits, each of which contains a heme group and a globulin chain. The heme group consists of a porphyrin ring with an iron atom (Fe) in the centre.

The B cells secrete antibodies.

Antibodies are secreted into the blood and mucous membranes, and foreign bodies such as pathogens and toxins will bind and be inactivated (neutralized). Antibodies activate the complement system to kill bacterial cells by lysis (Kaplon et al., 2020).

IgG- highest opsonization, highest neutralization activities (Sun et al., 2020).

IgM- manufactured initially upon antigen incursion. It increases transiently.

IgA- articulated within mucosal tissues. It forms dimers after secretion.

IgD- the functions are still unknown.

IgE- occupied in allergy.

Explain the structure of an immunoglobulin.

Immunoglobulins are heterodimeric proteins arranged of 2 heavy (H) as well as 2 light (L) chains (Turula & Wobus, 2018). They might be deliberately divided into variable provinces that bind antigen as well as invariable domains that establish effector functions accompaniment activation otherwise binding toward Fc receptors.

Conclusion:

In short, the heart functions as a pump, providing nutrients to all organs, tissues and cells of the human body. The cells liberate waste products, for example, carbon dioxide, back into the blood and back to the heart.The human digestive system is a multifaceted organ as well as glands that develop food. So as to utilize the food individuals eat, our body needs to break down the food into small particles that can be processed and eliminate waste.

References

Bain, B. J. (2017). Structure and function of red and white blood cells. Medicine, 45(4), 187-193.

Bateman, R. M., Sharpe, M. D., Singer, M., & Ellis, C. G. (2017). The effect of sepsis on the erythrocyte. International journal of molecular sciences, 18(9), 1932.

Chen, Y., Li, P., Modica, J. A., Drout, R. J., & Farha, O. K. (2018). Acid-resistant mesoporous metal–organic framework toward oral insulin delivery: protein encapsulation, protection, and release. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 140(17), 5678-5681.

Defreyne, J., Vantomme, B., Van Caenegem, E., Wierckx, K., De Blok, C. J. M., Klaver, M., ... & T'Sjoen, G. (2018). Prospective evaluation of hematocrit in gender‐affirming hormone treatment: results from European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence. Andrology, 6(3), 446-454.

Kaplon, H., Muralidharan, M., Schneider, Z., & Reichert, J. M. (2020, January). Antibodies to watch in 2020. In MAbs (Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 1703531). Taylor & Francis.

Kimáková, P., Solár, P., Solárová, Z., Komel, R., & Debeljak, N. (2017). Erythropoietin and its angiogenic activity. International journal of molecular sciences, 18(7), 1519.

Sun, B., Feng, Y., Mo, X., Zheng, P., Wang, Q., Li, P., ... & Chen, L. (2020). Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG responses in COVID-19 patients. Emerging microbes & infections, 9(1), 940-948.

Turula, H., & Wobus, C. E. (2018). The role of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and secretory immunoglobulins during mucosal infection and immunity. Viruses, 10(5), 237.

Veit, K. (2017, July). Pseudothrombotic microangiopathy and vitamin B12 deficiency in pernicious anemia. In Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings (Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 346-347). Taylor & Francis.

Xie, X., Hu, Q., Ke, R., Zhen, X., Bu, Y., & Wang, S. (2019). Facile preparation of photonic and magnetic dual responsive protein imprinted nanomaterial for specific recognition of bovine hemoglobin. Chemical Engineering Journal, 371, 130-137.

Yetim, A., Aygün, E., Yetim, Ç., Ucar, A., KarakaÅŸ, Z., Gökçay, G., ... & DaÄŸoÄŸlu, T. (2021). Measurement of serum vitamin B12-related metabolites in newborns: implications for new cutoff values to detect B12 deficiency. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 34(8), 1260-1268.

We provide unmatched quality assignment writing services for all subjects in your curriculum. The most common subjects we cover include Maths, English, Humanities, Social Sciences, Management and more. Our experts have acquired their respective PhDs in specific disciplines from reputed universities. Tell us the subject you need ghostwriters for. We will assign a suitable ghostwriter accordingly. We are not restricted to writing assignments only. We also provide top-notch proofreading services and essay writing services. The essay writers are well-versed in all types of essays such as persuasive, expository, narrative, argumentative, persuasive, etc. Whether you need math homework help or English homework help, we have the right expert for you.