1. In the economics and politics, Karl Max established his theory of social evolution. Humans can endure, according to Max, because of the economics. The economy meets the basic requirements of people, such as food, accommodation, and other essentials. He coined the phrases "base/superstructure" to emphasize that the economics is the foundation of society, while culture is the superstructure. Human civilization, according to MARX, has exhibited itself in a succession of organizational structures, each defined by its principal mode of production, especially the division of labor that rules at each stage. Tribal civilization has no class system and is organized around family structures, with men doing hunting and women doing domestic duties. According to Marx and Engels, the tribe structure is "a further development of the organic division of labor prevailing in the clan" at this point. During this time, a slave culture could emerge, especially as the population grows, contributing to "the expansion of needs" and the development of relationships with other cultures, either through war or barter system (Milios, and Dimitri, 2018). The foundation of class society can be seen in slave culture.
- Primitive communism is defined as "the old community and State ownership that results, in particular, from the arrangement or conquering of various tribes into a metropolis." The system of private ownership begins to form at this point: "With the emergence of private possession, we discover for the very first time the similar circumstances that we would discover again, only on a larger scale, with industrial estate."
- Feudal or estate property: "Like tribal and communal ownership, it is built on a community; however, unlike the ancient community, the immediately working class standing over against it is not the slaves, but the enslaved small bourgeoisie." Trade guilds were a manifestation of the feudal organization in the city. The limited circumstances of production—small-scale and rudimentary land agriculture, and the artisan type of industry—determined the organization of both the country and the city, implying that "there was minimal division of work in the zenith of feudalism."
- Capitalism: Due to the subsequent development of commercial activity and human populations, feudal system began to form capital, which, combined with the aristocracy's excessive debt, prompted to the English Revolution of 1640 and the French Revolution of 1789, both of which paved the foundation for the formation of a society based on commodity markets and financial gains. The workforce is fooled into thinking that he or she is liberated since they get rewarded for their labor in such a community. In fact, the conversion of labor into a conceptual quantity that can be purchased and sold on the stock leads to worker oppression, with a small portion of the people in control of capital benefiting. The explanation for this is because the modes of production are owned by somebody else is regarded as privately owned property (Patterson, 2020).
- Structure and agency were studied by both Pierre Bourdieu and Anthony Giddens. The structure is designed to constrain and influence the actions of an agency or an individual. Individual agency, on the other hand, refers to a person's ability to make autonomous decisions and act freely. Structure and agency were sought to be reconciled by Anthony Giddens. Structure and agency, according to Giddens, go together and can therefore cannot exist without one another. Giddens' theory was founded on the duality of structure rather than the duality of structure and agency. His hypothesis was dubbed "the structuration theory" by him. This theory was created to describe the continuous, dynamic process by which agents create and re-construct social systems. The link between structure and agency was also studied by Pierre Bourdieu. Field, capital, habitus, and practice were the four components or derivatives on which Bourdieu founded his notion. The habitus can be characterised as a socially constructed structural orientation of cognition and behavior. A person's capital is a value that he or she owns in society. In addition, the field might be described as a specific societal domain. Finally, practice is described as the result of an individual's interaction with his habitus, various forms of capital, and field activity. Bourdieu also claimed that structure and agency are two separate ideas that have equal weight (Jenkins, 2016).
- Feminism, like Marxism, is the philosophy of a mass movement, the women's rights movement. Feminists attempted to increase awareness among women and men about the inequalities that have been and continue to be done towards women. Feminists also attempted to mobilize people to combat these injustices. Marxist feminism, like Marxism, is concerned with economic issues. Except Marxist feminism is concerned with how the economic impacts gender roles and contributes to gender disparity in our society (Federici, 2016). Frederick Engels is credited with creating the first authentic Marxist gender theory. In a book that was based largely on Marx's ideas but was released following Marx's demise in 1884. “The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State,” it was headlined. In this book, Engels argues that gender disparity is driven by the development of the family, private ownership, and the government, three interrelated social structures (Lewis, 2016).
Works cited
Federici, Silvia. "Marx and feminism." TripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 16.2 (2018): 468-475.
Jenkins, Richard. "Pierre Bourdieu: from the model of reality to the reality of the model." Human agents and social structures. Manchester University Press, 2016.
Lewis, Holly. The politics of everybody: Feminism, queer theory, and marxism at the intersection. Zed Books Ltd., 2016.
Milios, John, and Dimitri Dimoulis. Karl Marx and the classics: An essay on value, crises and the capitalist mode of production. Routledge, 2018.
Patterson, Thomas C. Karl Marx, anthropologist. Routledge, 2020.
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