LM102 Psychology

Answer 1.

From the readings of the case study, it was observed that the client, that is, kelvin a six-year-old boy was very moody and oversensitive with his behaviour and he had a fear of talking to anybody as he grew issues related to trust because of the aggressive behaviour of his parents. He did not listen to anybody, not even his foster parents. He was not able to make new friends and was able to cope with his studies in his school. Although he liked his foster home as he had his favourite toys and things with him but he was unable to put attention and was taking a lot of time and no improvement was seen in his behaviour. He even had a problem of expressing his thoughts and feelings and often resorted to tantrums. Being unable to express his confusion about his parents, he never used to talk about them to Jane and Andy. out of the various psychological theories, two of those theories define his behaviour and his performance in the best manner. The theory of behaviourism and the theory of cognitivism. Both the theories are somewhere interrelated to each other and a individual’s behaviour and his brain/mind.

Principles Of Behaviourism And Cognitive Theory:

Behaviorism Theory: The theory of behaviourism seeks to explain an individual’s behaviour that takes place due to the antecedents and the consequences that are present in the environment of an individual and the learned associations they acquire from their past experiences (Clark, 2018). The main principles of this theory are:

• It is believed that all behaviour is learned by an individual from the environment. An individual is born as a blank slate and learn to behave through the interactions with their families and the broader society (Clark, 2018).
• Secondly, it is concerned with the observable behaviour that an individual learns by observing internal and external emotions of the surroundings (Clark, 2018).
  
  

Cognitivism Theory: This theory focuses on the minds, brains and the intelligence of humans and this theory is similar to the theory of behaviourism in some ways (Carroll and Seeley, 2013). The basic principles of this theory are:

• People build their knowledge on the basis of the information receives by interpreting and building connections between what they know and what they learn (Carroll and Seeley, 2013).
• The way people learn and adapt influence the way of their thinking which directly impacts their behaviour (Carroll and Seeley, 2013).
• According to the above-mentioned theories, the traits of an individual’s personality are not inborn and it is believed that the personality and behaviour of an individual are shaped entirely according to their external environment (Clark, 2018).

The theory of behaviourism is directly affecting the client’s behaviour by impacting his actions and performance in any field (Bryant, et al., 2013). They theory of behaviourism is relating to the situation of Kelvin where he faced issues like domestic violence at his home and built-up trust issues because of watching his parents fighting and resulting in physical violence. His behaviour turned out to be very aggressive after experiencing all this and he started bursting out even on small things. Behaviourist believe that our actions and behaviour are shaped by what we see in our environment and same happened with Kelvin as well.

On the other hand, the theory of cognitivism tells that the client can get affected by the affected behaviour (Ertmer & Newby, 2013). It tells how Kelvin is not able to gain motivation and lacks in expressing his thoughts, emotions and feelings which is affecting his cognitive behaviour. Theory of cognitivism emphasises the person. Kelvin displayed an inability to concentrate and refused to cooperate, constantly fidgeted and this all happened due to his past experience of experiencing domestic violence happened between his parents and hence, it can be said that theory of cognitive behaviour affects Kelvin in a huge manner.

Answer 2.

Answer 3.

 Person centred plan is process of solving the ongoing problems which is made and used to help the people who have disabilities and faces difficulties in different areas of their developmental stage. Person centred plans are made to help the individuals which focuses on person’s vision of what they would like to do in their near future (Ratti Hassiotis, et al., 2016). In the above case study, a six-year-old boy named kelvin faced many problems in his developmental stage and he was not able to focus on his abilities and never listened to his foster parents. He was even unable to get comfortable with his teachers and the schoolmates so it became very difficult for him to adjust himself with the environment because of what he experienced in his past. He developed himself having the behaviour which was not acceptable by anybody and his classmates started building fear in themselves. After every possible thing his foster parents could do, he was still taking a lot of time to adjust with the surroundings. He was built with anger and fear in his mind, experiencing his mum and dad shouting and fighting. He chose to sleep with lights on as to make sure he was safe enough. As a result, kelvin was taken care by the social worker because of his situation and his social worker always thought that he would be physically harmed if not taken care properly. Even after the personal care by the social worker, kelvin faced many difficulties and was unable to concentrate anywhere.

Keeping in mind the situations, scenarios ad the experiences of kelvin, a strategy (person centred plan) can be made so that the key worker uses those strategies to benefit the client in different areas like physical, emotional, intellectual and social areas. Strategies like:

Firstly, by adopting the strategy of flexible care, a social worker could provide Kelvin with proper diet on time and ask him to exercise or could manage to have some exercise related games so that he could enjoy doing some physical exercises which will also keep him safe and the social worker could provide him with such an acute and flexible care like telling him good stories in night so that he could manage sleeping well.

Secondly, social worker could develop his communication skills by communicating with Kelvin by asking him to recite poems and stories of his own interest so that as and when he will develop his communication, it will be easier for him to get fit into the school groups with his classmates and find himself comfortable better than before (Peahl, Smith and Moniz, 2020). Apart from this, one on one sessions can be provided in school to Kelvin so that he can step up and will not rely on others and his intellectual leaning will build-up.

Thirdly, flexible care will make him able to get flexible with the external environment as well which will influence his behaviour and development. Social worker could arrange some creative play dates for Kelvin like playing indoor camping, board games and many other so that he can get socially active.

Providing some counselling sessions to Kelvin so that he could express his feelings and thoughts about how he feels will help in developing his emotional sense of mind and he will come to know the value of other’s feelings as well. (Teixeira, et al., 2017).

Answer 4. 

The client had really bad situation because of his behaviour and aggression. His situation and condition were not showing any improvements even after the constant care by his social worker. He was in a situation where he felt unable to concentrate on anything and was unable to make new friends in school and the community. His foster parents were worried about his situation and his aggressive behaviour. He behaved in a manner where he never liked to follow any rules while playing games in the school, rather he always wanted to play with his own rules. He was often not liked by his school mates because of his behaviour and was often reprimanded for puling, pushing and annoying other children in school. Although, he had a great strength and liked to play football but his situation made him unable to recognize his own strengths at times. The situation of client was becoming very critical and he was in a need of constant on-to-one attention in order to behave well. His situation of behaving in aggression all the time could get better if given one-on-one attention with proper care. As a result of getting affected in such a manner from his past experience of his home situation, the only things that could work for his situation was planning some intervention strategies by his foster parents to meet the needs of the client. His foster parents tried to be calm and tries praising his god behaviour but that did not work so some intervention strategies that could help him grow are:

Answer 5. 

As observed, kelvin was a kid of his own behaviour and he never listened to anybody in his foster family. Being unable to concentrate and express his feelings and thoughts, he always remained confused about his own parents and never discussed anything regarding his parents to anybody because of the feeling of fear and anger. He had trust issues so working with the client like kelvin, it becomes really necessary to take some self-care measures that could help in providing the best possible care to the client without any difficulties. The major areas that I will take care of while working with the client are:

Giving enough time to myself while working with the client by practicing on self-care measures will help me with maintaining and paying attention in such a way that will ensure self-care for me and by me and this will help me with distress, unwind and afflictions.

References:

Ben-Arieh, A., Kaufman, N.H., Andrews, A.B., George, R.M., Lee, B.J. and Aber, L.J., 2013. Measuring and monitoring children’s well-being (Vol. 7). Springer Science & Business Media.

Bryant, L.C., Vincent, R., Shaqlaih, A. and Moss, G., 2013. Behaviorism and behavioral learning theory.

Carroll, N. and Seeley, W.P., 2013. Cognitivism, psychology, and neuroscience: Movies as attentional engines

Clark, K.R., 2018. Learning theories: behaviorism.

Colton, M., Sanders, R. and Williams, M., 2017. An introduction to working with children: A guide for social workers. Macmillan International Higher Education.

Docksai, R., 2010. Teaching social skills. The Futurist, 44(3), p.12.

Ertmer, P.A. and Newby, T.J., 2013. Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective. Performance improvement quarterly, 26(2), pp.43-71.

Herbert, C., 2017. Overcoming traumatic stress: A self-help guide using cognitive behavioural techniques. Hachette UK.

Jingna, D.U., 2012. Application of humanism theory in the teaching approach. Higher Education of Social Science, 3(1), pp.32-36.

Moore, S.E., Bledsoe, L.K., Perry, A.R. and Robinson, M.A., 2011. Social work students and self-care: A model assignment for teaching. Journal of Social Work Education, 47(3), pp.545-553.

Peahl, A.F., Smith, R.D. and Moniz, M.H., 2020. Prenatal care redesign: creating flexible maternity care models through virtual care. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 223(3), pp.389-e1.

Ratti, V., Hassiotis, A., Crabtree, J., Deb, S., Gallagher, P. and Unwin, G., 2016. The effectiveness of person-centred planning for people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Research in developmental disabilities, 57, pp.63-84.

Teixeira, M.R., Couto, M.C.V. and Delgado, P.G.G., 2017. Primary care and collaborative care in children and adolescents psychosocial interventions: facilitators and barriers. Ciencia & saude coletiva, 22, pp.1933-1942.

Wandersman, A., Poppen, P.J. and Ricks, D.F. eds., 2016. Humanism and behaviorism: Dialogue and growth. Elsevier.

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