SOC101 Principles Of Sociology

Comprehensive background about Russia.

The country Russia begins its history with the histories of the eastern slaves.  It started in the errors when Vikings ruled the Rus during 862. Two cities became the head quatres of the unions of refugees, Novgorod and the other Ladoga. Mainly the slaves came from Scandinavia.  Oleg, who was the ruler of Novgorod, united the land of Rus from the north to the south after he had detained Kiev in 883 (Zheng et al., 2020). Later on, all the states that he had joined adopted Christianity, which Byzantine influenced in 890. This led to the combination of the Slavic with the former. In the next era, the culture of the Slavic orthodox was demarcated. In 1240, Kievan collapsed, which resulted in a large number of people dying.

During the 13^th era, Moscow became the unifying center of all the lands in Russia, and since it had deeply developed both in politics and culture. Moscow was able to unite the territories to the north and east of Russia, which resulted in the Mongol's overthrow within two centuries. Later on, Peter, who was well known as the great, renamed his state and gave it the title of the empire of Russia (Gureev et al., 2020). Peter had significant anticipations of associating his new condition with the achievements which had been acquired in the old Rus. The state of Russia gained so much popularity since it stretched from the boundaries in the east to the pacific. Eventually, it became the subject state, and it gained so much power in Europe. This was after Napoleon was defeated. Some people were poor and rebelled, but they were repressed, which made their efforts unaccomplished. Alexander ii eliminated serfdom during 1862. However, this did not help because poor people fared pleasantly, and the thirst for revolution increased day by day. There were so many efforts to bring reorganizations in the several years that followed. Such reforms included the constitution, which was amended in 1906, and the improvement of the Stolypin. Other renovations included the attempts to make the political system and the economic system accessible, which was not achieved due to the refusal of the empire to surrender the rule of the autocrats.

Moreover, the empire was so mean to share its powers. This brought so many revolutions in Russia in 1918 because people were not contented with the autocrat. The process resulted in many failures of the economy, and many wars arose in the state. The empire was deposed, which led to the alliance of liberalists and communalists, but their power did not last for long as Bolsheviks, a communalist, seized it (Konakova et al., 2020). This occurred in the October of 1916. In 1991, the USSR accord was signed, which combined the four monarchies to form a union named the Soviet. The league ruled based on a single-party rule of the capitalists. However, the approach of the construction communalism was not well organized since it varied from periods to periods during the Soviet.

During the 1980s, it was so clear that the soviet was weak in terms of the economy and politics, and Mikhail overthrew it. He embarked on doing significant restructurings, which resulted in the breaking up of the USSR. The breakdown led to Russia being left on its own and had to start again in its history (Tovar, 2017). The Federation of Russia was born, which became the wheel to the Russian soviet. Although it was able to retain its arsenal in the world of nuclear, the state lost its superpowers. Putin became the first president in 2000, where he engaged the country in foreign political and economic policies. Since then, Russia has continued to retain its status of being a superpower country in the world.

Cultural norms of Russia.

Russia is a country that has a very long history of the culture that is very rich. The culture is literally steeped, balloted and it is also composed of classical music and unique paintings. The country has a culture that is so much visual. Even if foreigners may not see the value of this culture, it is a country whose culture has colorful folk costumes used in their religion from time immemorial. Their faith also comprises very bright religious symbols.

Population ethnic.

Russia is the largest country in the world comprises a vast population. According to research by the world bank, Russia had a total population of one hundred and forty-four million people in 2006, which was a decline from a population of one hundred and forty-eight million people since the year 1992 (Liu & Xu, 2020). The country of Russia carries more than 190 ethnicities, and out of these, eighty percent of these Russians are initially from the descendants of this country. The rest of the population percentage comprises of other immigrants while others are unquantified population.

Languages.

Russian is the official national language of that country. However, many people in the state do speak English which is used as the counties second language. Many other minor languages are spoken in Russia, given that there are so many ethnic groups. Although these languages are small, they hold a huge role in the religious world of Russia.

Religion.

Religion in Russia has always been the backbone of its people, and it has remained a vital component throughout the years. The state has so many religious associations which are fully registered and are followed by half of the total population. The other half of the country's population follows the orthodox church, while a tiny percent of the population does not engage in religious acts. Almost ten percent of the people are followers of the Muslim religion, which is the second largest.  

Art, architecture, and literature.

In Russia, there is one primary form of art that is called ballet. The art was created by the famous Bolshoi, which spread throughout the world. There are so many museums in Russia that showcase their vibrant arts-based in several parts of the country. Many other historical things are also found in the museums, such as famous people's personal belongings with other ancient musical instruments. Russia has also works of great authors in the past that are up to date being read globally.

Drinks and food.

One of the most incredible meals in Russia is the borsch, a meal that comprises vegetables served with meat, usually accompanied by sour cream.

Russia is the largest country globally and has consistently recorded the highest number of populations worldwide each time they hold a census. Russia recorded 144 million people in 1992 after conducting a successful census; their population has been reducing from decade to decade. The country records a significant reduction of its population after the break of the Soviet Union more than a decade ago (Brailovskaia et al., 2019). The population decreased by 4.3 million by the year 2002, which resulted from increased death rates and intensified emigration of people. The migration is said to have taken effect between 1998 and 2001 where there was a decrease in population by 0.9 million. It continued further decreasing; thus, by 20001, there was a significant decrease of people by 0.82 million. The slow immigration of people compensated the population into the country from other countries. Research has shown that the countries death rates are 0.72 million and 1.2 million birth rates annually.

The population decrease has impacted suicide cases, death of the middle-aged due to cardiovascular diseases, murder, poisoning, and accidents which have also reduced the number of births. Russian male mortality crisis is worrying as, and research has revealed that the increased mortality and reduced fertility started after Russian gained independence back in 1992. The period 1989-1999 records a decrease in the number of fertile women by a percentage of nine. In 1986-1989, women were paid on maternity leave and given allowances that encourage the increase in married women, the total fertility rate (TFR) above 2.1 children per woman. The TFR raised to 2.19 since women were much more willing to receive the allowances and the extended maternity leaves. The TFR then fell to 1.17children per woman in the year 1999.

The year 2000 brought some hope, and the TFR increase to 1.21 children per woman; couples were fitting into a new routine and accepting to increase childbearing. The mortality rate of people between 1989-19 could be attributed to the high percentage of older adults. The life expectancy gap between 1987-1994 was 13.6 years which recovered to 116 years in 1998 and fell again after the collapse of the Russian rule. The year 2002 recorded 59 years male life expectancy and &2.2 female life expectancy and a significant gap of 13.2 years. The analysis, therefore, indicated that Russian males are more susceptible to social and economic dislocation compared to female Russians. Besides, the country has suffered significant demographic effects from HIV and AIDS disease patients, making it a fifth to a ninth of the total population. The government generally records the highest percentage of death to birth rates compared to other countries, with the highest portion being the aged people.

The country places hope in the migration of people into Russia, which will boost their population; the country had recorded a significant emigration of 0.1 million annually between 1990 and 1999. The Russian crisis in 1998 affected their people, and migrants were discouraged from migrating into the country. Illegal immigration also painted a bad image of the country to outsiders, and therefore it was no longer attractive. Russia has limited the legal immigration to certain soviet nations and denied entry to others which significantly impacts their failure. The 202census aimed at enumerating the illegal population and their stated reason for residing in Russia, including their sex, gender, age, citizenship, country of origin.

The Russian citizens have accessed free healthcare services facilitated by compulsory medical insurance funds (CMIF). At the same time, they also had the freedom to go for private healthcare for quick, modernized technology and quality services. The country's per capita health expenditure was more than 1.5 thousand U.S dollars, which is higher than other developed countries. The country recorded a lower GDP share on healthcare spending lower than other European countries. Research shows that the country's public system helped manage the coronavirus pandemic more effectively than other countries by funding its efficient healthcare system. The country recorded a decrease in the number of healthcare facilities at the beginning of 2010 with a significant reduction in hospital beds. The Russian government reformed to improve the quality of healthcare services and its ability to pay the staff. Therefore, they had to reduce the number of hospitals and jobs in the health care system. The action took effect between 2014 and 2015, and the ratio was 49 doctors for 10,000 Russians, which immensely helped curb the coronavirus in 2019, and the country was able to contain the pandemic.

Education System

In Russia, the education system is controlled, but the government and education are accessible to all students. However, there are private schools where parents may choose to educate their children and pay for their studies. The Russian students start at pre-school, where children of 6 years and below enroll before entering the next level. General education comprises of three phases where the primary education lasts for four years, basic public education for five years, then secondary education for two years (Kruessmann, 2021).  The Russian secondary education graduates may choose to further their studies to higher education institutions or enroll in vocational institutes. Female to male students' secondary education ratio was 0.98% ranging from 1994 to 2018 and reduced to 0.87% in 2018. The highest percentage recorded was 1.02% back in 1994. The access to clean water in Russia was 76.03% in 2017, which had increased by 0.11% from 2016. The year 2018 recorded 11 million Russians with no access to clean water due to faulty water systems leaving a large population with inadequate access. The country generally has extensive access to water and Is striving to get all clean water and sanitation members. The Russian's access to electricity from 1990 to 2018 is 99.84% of the total population. In the year 2020, Russia was ranked the 47^th country with high access to fast and broadband internet. The government had recorded a 55% internet usage of the total population in 2014, with current citizens spending an average of 4-5 hours per day online.

Russia is neighbored by several countries, including China, Mongolia, and North Korea, among others. Russia and its neighboring country China have experienced a common problem; they are in between developed countries with declining populations and third world countries with highly growing populations (Gureev et al., 2020). China is leading with a higher population than Russia, but the countries are experiencing significant population decline in the 21^st century. The current sociodemographic situation in Russia is way too far to be compared to other developed countries. The country is rapidly experiencing a demographic crisis where the population is quickly decreasing at a high pace. The demographic situation is therefore threatening the social and economic wellbeing of the country (Kruessmann, 2021). The number of deaths is more than the number of births resulting from an increased level of mortality in the country.

Compared to other countries like Germany and Japan, which experienced a significant population decline and later on recovered, Russia is unlikely to recover as soon as expected. Germany and japan indicate that their population declined from wars and crises, which were restored to normal after the end of the wars, and economic and the health system was restored to normal. The countries then continued their ways of life, and they experience back their prosperity. The case of Asia is complex as their war never ends; their population is difficult to deal compared to other western countries which have experienced mortality crisis. Japan is recorded to have recorded a higher mortality rate compared to Russia in the 1990s. However, mortality was not a cause of death but different such as respiratory diseases which killed people, in contrast to the case of Russia today. The more significant causes of death are cardiovascular diseases, where individuals die out of retention of lifetime insults, poisoning, and injuries.

The role of the united nations.

The United Nations is a body that acts as the representative of most of the inter-government administrations in the world. Its role is so much vital that any other organization in the world cannot replace it. It is an organization that has worked for hand in hand with other NGOs towards many nations' achievements. The united government has strived to maintain peace internationally, and it has been its priority as a body to ensure the maintenance of its subject's security. The body has also played a very significant role in ensuring the states it holds are on good terms with each other through cooperation and development of each other. The partnership has significantly impacted the maintenance of peace amongst people of different states in the world positively. Another vital role of this organization is in endorsing a fair and sensible system in the political and economic world internationally.

Role of NGOs.

NGOs are units in the which do not make a profit and are sovereign of the government. However, this does not mean that the bodies cannot receive funding from the government. In most cases, this union is funded by the government and well-wishers. The roles of the NGOs include the promotion of a clean environment, advocating for the strengthening of human rights, and creating a great social life (Starodubov et al., 2018). The organizations are, however, not limited to this role alone.

Three priority areas the government ought to address immediately include taking care of children who need special care. This can consist of planning for their education through funding. The government should consider creating a well-developed health sector to ensure that all its citizens can access the services. This can help in minimizing the mortality rate in the country. This can also be achieved via the construction of hospitals in remote areas. The government should consider providing clean water to its citizens by drilling boreholes and ensuring constant supply.

References

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to us? USA and Russia: Relationship between migration, resilience, social support, happiness, life satisfaction, depression, anxiety and stress. Current Psychology, 38(2), 421-431.

Gureev, P. M., Degtyareva, V. V., & Prokhorova, I. S. (2020, March). National Features of

Forming a Digital Economy in Russia. In 13th International Scientific and Practical  Conference-Artificial Intelligence Anthropogenic nature Vs. Social Origin (pp. 13-20). Springer, Cham.

Konakova, T., Kolesnikova, A., & Taskaeva, A. A. (2020). Soil invertebrates occurrences in

 European North-East of Russia. Biodiversity Data Journal, 8.

Kruessmann, T. (2021). The Arctic as a Micro-Cosmos for Selective Engagement between the

EU and Russia?. In Principled Pragmatism in Practice (pp. 290-310). Brill Nijhoff.

Liu, C., & Xu, Y. (2020, October). Research on Problems and Countermeasures of Heilongjiang

-Russia Economic and Trade Cooperation Based on Computer Technology under the Background of “Longjiang Silk Road Belt”. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1648, No. 2, p. 022028). IOP Publishing.

Starodubov, V. I., Marczak, L. B., Varavikova, E., Bikbov, B., Ermakov, S. P., Gall, J., ... &

Naghavi, M. (2018). The burden of disease in Russia from 1980 to 2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet, 392(10153), 1138-1146.

Tovar García, E. D. (2017). Migration background and educational achievements in

Russia. Migraciones internacionales, 9(1), 69-93.

Zheng, J., Hu, Y., Boldanov, T., Bazarzhapov, T., Meng, D., Li, Y., & Dong, S. (2020).

Comprehensive assessment of the coupling coordination degree between urbanization and ecological environment in the Siberian and Far East Federal Districts, Russia from 2005 to 2017. PeerJ, 8, e9125.

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